Time # => Time Time.now # => 2013-08-29 12:32:54 +0400. To solve this problem, all we have to do is fix the typo. Either you're on a really weird execution environment, or you're running into the problem that __del__ is a really terrible place to do any sort of actually important work, because by the time it gets invoked, the interpreter might already be busy tearing itself to pieces for interpreter shutdown.open really might not be defined if you're in the middle of interpreter shutdown. A clear and concise description of what you expected to happen. Manually raising (throwing) an exception in Python. Best regards, Mike Solved! For example, you will see this error if you try to print a variable that wasnt defined. Why are non-Western countries siding with China in the UN? I first had some numpy problem but I resolved it and finally installed. It seems like a more efficient way of accomplishing the simulation. Rename .gz files according to names in separate txt-file, Ackermann Function without Recursion or Stack. More importantly, Your code runs the same "joinfield" for every row in your database. Book about a good dark lord, think "not Sauron". You might also see this error when you use a built-in library, but forget to import the library first. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. i.e. Python can only interpret names that you have spelled correctly. If you like I can add some fixes. Very Simple ArcPy script using arcpy.SearchCursor and row.getValue, Iterating through geodatabase and assigning field value based on spatial location using ArcPy, FeatureClass error message when running ArcGIS Python tool. These go on the first line of your script, if there is nothing that starts with #! How does a fan in a turbofan engine suck air in? If you need to convert the result to some other type, then you can use appropriate functions to convert the string returned by raw_input. @delnan -- Yes, of course that's correct. Can the Spiritual Weapon spell be used as cover? You will encounter a nameerror ( name is not defined) when a variable is not defined in the local or global scope. Input() Error - Nameerror: Name '' Is Not Defined. Hot Network Questions How does one go about learning to program a new micro controller? You can't access x outside of the ask_x() function. This syntax error is telling us that the name count is not defined. I have tried to incorporate a 'try' and 'except' statement into the loop but have been unsuccessful. Explore your training options in 10 minutes
The latter is the name of the first argument passed to methods of a class and is the instance of the class (that was previously created) on which to operate. Python does not have this capability. This error occurs when you try to use the os module without importing it first. NameError: name 'Tree' is not defined That's because the class has not been defined yet at this point. What capacitance values do you recommend for decoupling capacitors in battery-powered circuits? To fix this, I just needed to restart my notebook so the import was done again. It works for me. I have highlighted this in your code. I am new to python and the code below is supposed to simulate a coffee machine. Python Class Definition: Object Oriented Programming Made Easy, How To Check For Duplicates in a Python List, Copyright CodeFatherTech 2022 - A brand of Your Journey To Wealth Ltd. We and our partners share information on your use of this website to help improve your experience. Strictly Necessary Cookie should be enabled at all times so that we can save your preferences for cookie settings. This morning, when I run the machine again, when I press the Start Stable-Diffusion button, I get the following error: input() error - NameError: name '' is not defined, The open-source game engine youve been waiting for: Godot (Ep. The inventor died in 2011, having failed to strike a deal with any . Of course, you need to have downloaded that module from this site (in the Python Modules collection) and saved it somewhere on the Python search path. Its easy for humans to gloss over spelling mistakes. it always returns a string. Lets handle the exception thrown when we dont pass a number to our program. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); James Gallagher is a self-taught programmer and the technical content manager at Career Karma. if cf ==r or cf==v or cf==o : I am getting a "name 'row' is not defined" error when I run a particular piece of code (see below). jupyterlab : 3.2.1 just by using the name of variable or method. Python is one of the most popular languages in the United States of America. For example. That is, the new input() function reads a line from sys.stdin and returns it with the trailing newline stripped. How can I change a sentence based upon input to a command? all i want is to get the website url. However, you will lose the saved check points of notebook2.ipynb. You can solve this error by importing the module. UpperCamelCase is reserved for class names. By continuing you agree to our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy, and you consent to receive offers and opportunities from Career Karma by telephone, text message, and email. Projective representations of the Lorentz group can't occur in QFT! Might need the Code Runner extension, can't check now. for python 'dude' become variable here and it's not having any value of python defined type assignedso only its crying like baby so if we define a 'dude' variable and assign any value and pass to it, it will work but that's not what we want as we don't know what user will enter and moreover we want to capture the user input. in `<main>': uninitialized constant DateTime (NameError) But Time is. NameError: name 'c' is not defined. This implies that it would probably be better to do the following in your __init__() method: Generator Expressions Vs. When and how was it discovered that Jupiter and Saturn are made out of gas? elifremember that jarvis in query: I would try using with instead, and also for performance switching to da search cursors. qtconsole : 5.1.1 Well occasionally send you account related emails. Here, the variable name values are spelled wrong, so we get this error. JonPeck (1) 17 Sep 2014 ( 8 years ago) In Python you need to import a module before you can refer to its contents. @krassowski , No nothing is hidden . Samantha Phillips Samantha Phillips. The number of distinct words in a sentence. However, when I added the. So in this specific case we are using the variable count in the condition of the while loop without declaring it before. function: This function explicitly converts the input you give into type string. nameerror name processing is not defined. The other fix that you should begin practicing is to wrap all code in functions. I think you jumped to conclusion by saying I never debugged the code. NameError is raised when the identifier being accessed is not defined in the local or global scope. How does the NLT translate in Romans 8:2? If a law is new but its interpretation is vague, can the courts directly ask the drafters the intent and official interpretation of their law? A name can be related to a built-in function, module, or something we define in our programs, like a variable or a function. It starts at the top, in the main namespace, see the line, The open-source game engine youve been waiting for: Godot (Ep. I would recommend to count the number of feature matching your query, not to do this within a cursor. jupyter_core : 4.9.1 If a word is not surrounded by quotes, it is treated as part of a program. Busque trabalhos relacionados a Nameerror name processing is not defined ou contrate no maior mercado de freelancers do mundo com mais de 22 de trabalhos. To fix this error, we can move our function declaration to a place before we use it: Our code has successfully printed out the list of books. Story Identification: Nanomachines Building Cities. p=input("0:pas de pieton ;1: il y a un pieton ") How can I change a sentence based upon input to a command? NameError: name 'timm' is not defined fastai KevinB (Kevin Bird) April 30, 2022, 8:21pm #1 I ran into the following error when I tried to use the new timm integration functionality. Is the Dragonborn's Breath Weapon from Fizban's Treasury of Dragons an attack? It is the reason why that automatic conversion has been dropped in Python 3 - essentially; - raw_input in Python 2 has been renamed to input in Python 3; and there is no equivalent to the Python 2 input magic type conversion functionality. Case 1: Improper importation of requests package The package "requests" in Python is used to send HTTP requests to a website. First, you didn't provide a better alternative for use cases that require a portable solution and cannot use. In a demonstration, a raw egg painted with the stuff stayed raw in the heat of a blowtorch. This tutorial will detail the error and how to solve it with code examples. Answers (5) Accepted answer. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Now, when I try the very first activity listed here I get this error. As you write code, errors will start raising. If not, move the module, package or extension file to right path. Does Python have a string 'contains' substring method? Toggle navigation. This website uses cookies so that we can provide you with the best user experience possible. Not the answer you're looking for? A NameError is raised when you try to use a variable or a function name that is not valid. jupyter_client : 6.1.12 This only happens when my input layer has one entry instead of two. Launching the CI/CD and R Collectives and community editing features for input() error - NameError: name '' is not defined. The sequence starts with 0 and 1. Lets define count at the beginning of our program and try again.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'codefather_tech-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_8',137,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-codefather_tech-large-leaderboard-2-0'); Lesson 1: The Python NameError happens if you use a variable without declaring it. About us: Career Karma is a platform designed to help job seekers find, research, and connect with job training programs to advance their careers. How come I am still using 2.7 when I am using the 3.3 launcher app? I did what Kevin said and it is version 2.7.5! Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Not every problem can or should be solved with the standard library alone. Exporting jpeg around polygon boundary using Python? I run the program, and.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'codefather_tech-banner-1','ezslot_7',136,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-codefather_tech-banner-1-0'); This syntax error is telling us that the name count is not defined. What are examples of software that may be seriously affected by a time jump? Get Matched. In this article you will learn the main python errors, how to interpret them and how they arise. Note that sometimes you will want to use the class type name inside its own definition, for example when using Python Typing module, e.g. built-in functions ). Last modified: Tue Feb 28 16:03:30 2023; Machine Name: bembo Debian Bug tracking system Debbugs is free software and licensed under the terms of the GNU Public License version 2. Geographic Information Systems Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for cartographers, geographers and GIS professionals. So, lets move the function before the line in which we call it and see what happens: Lesson 2: Make sure a variable or function is declared before being used in your code (and not after).if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'codefather_tech-leader-2','ezslot_11',140,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-codefather_tech-leader-2-0'); I want to improve our program and stop its execution if the user provides an input that is not a number. I installed the dependencies, and everything was working fine. What does a search warrant actually look like? Export attributes of shapefiles into text file, Looping through records to create ArcGIS reports. Isn't that technically the same as defining the variable? On the other hand, the values from the iterations are stored in 'r'. Assign the value of the (n-1)th terms to the (n-2)th terms. 542), How Intuit democratizes AI development across teams through reusability, We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. In other words, the name we are trying to use is not defined in the local or global scope. Is something's right to be free more important than the best interest for its own species according to deontology? break; bug / fix Something isn't working help wanted Extra attention is needed. document.getElementById("ak_js_1").setAttribute("value",(new Date()).getTime()); We are using cookies to give you the best experience on our website. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. At what point of what we watch as the MCU movies the branching started? I hope this helps! Sign in But when I tried to use the class by importing it into another file: from theClassFile import aClassName The error message showed up and said : NameError: name 'iface' is not defined even if adding from qgis.utils import iface to theClassFile with reference from here. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. Here, the correct variable name is value. The os module in Python provides a set of functions for interacting with the operating system (os stands for Operating System). JupyterLab? I need all of the variables to transfer to the main() function but it keeps saying they are not defined. Python check if the variable is an integer, Python pip is not recognized as an internal or external command, 9 ways to convert a list to DataFrame in Python, Merge Dictionaries in Python (8 different methods). For example, not closing a parenthesis will lead to a syntax error. Cadastre-se . NameErrors are one of the most common types of Python errors. Could you also check if this is also reproducible with nbclassic, this is by running jupyter nbclassic instead of jupyter notebook (after installing nbclassic). You can refer to the below screenshot nameerror name is not defined python. If Python encounters a name that it doesn't recognize, you'll probably get NameError: global name 'xx' is not defined error. (Slightly modified answer by @Hardian) to avoid UnboundLocalError: local variable 'input' referenced before assignment error. You define InputNumber twice in two different spots, and the first definition only happens if StartQuestion == 'a'. Would the reflected sun's radiation melt ice in LEO? To solve the Python "NameError: name is not defined", make sure: You aren't accessing a variable that doesn't exist. Calculate the nth term as the sum of the (n-2)th and (n-1)th terms. As programs get larger, it is easy to forget to define a variable. How can I recognize one? Why do I get a NameError when using input()? Once this code is working and complete, you can post it over on Code Review, and people can make further suggestions. NameError: name 'ShowCreation' is not defined [RESOLVED] Edit: I was reading older documentation. chrome, safari] Microsoft edge. r/learnpython 2,000 free sign ups available for the "Automate the Boring Stuff with Python" online course. Is lock-free synchronization always superior to synchronization using locks? nbconvert : 6.1.0 Thanks @krassowski it is working fine , now . this will be evaluated as a function call expression by python and it will be executed. Using the from keyword means we do not have to specify the module in the rest of the program, we only need to call the getcwd () method. I would suggest you read up on functions to get a better grasp of this. You should use raw_input because you are using python-2.7. Please see my Python script below and the error I'm having Python script BEGIN PROGRAM . Remember to import any modules that you use in your Python program. Move the invocation of Something to the end of the script. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'codefather_tech-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_6',143,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-codefather_tech-large-mobile-banner-1-0');The NameError can also happen if you misspell something in your program. raw_input() So of course none of the variable names are defined. In this guide, were going to talk about the nameerror name is not defined error and why it is raised. Lets try to use the cwd() method: The error occurred because we did not import the os module. I think that if you just remove "del row", the problem should disappear. input function in Python 2.7, evaluates whatever your enter, as a Python expression. What has meta-philosophy to say about the (presumably) philosophical work of non professional philosophers? If you simply want to read strings, then use raw_input function in Python 2.7, which will not evaluate the read strings. To solve this nameerror: name is not defined python 3 we need to make sure that the variable name is spelled correctly. I am highly experienced in Java and AWS Cloud. By having all that code outside of functions, you're forcing it to run when the file is read, which is sub-optimal in any code that's not a simple test or toy. nbformat : 5.1.3 ipykernel : 6.4.1 Lets write a program that calls a function before it is declared: We are trying to call print_books() on line three. Keras, python3 test.py:. @pai-djmoon Thanks for this - I had my notebooks in a folder called 'notebooks'. rev2023.3.1.43269. on the page loading i need to be able to grab the full, current url of the website and set it as a variable to do with as i please. On the last line of our code, an error is returned. This is because your variables are in a local scope. I created new file and tried to rename it and got this error.I think this is the error with new roll back because i renamed the file in other env (older version of Jupyter notebook) . How can I access environment variables in Python? Normalize os_pathjupyter-server/jupyter_server#886, https://github.com/notifications/unsubscribe-auth/AOL3XV27U7MUDZRB776GI7LV6MRMFANCNFSM5ZWVXEOQ, Notebook Weekly Meetings Nov 2021 - Dec 2022, See error : os_path is not defined . Python 3.8.8. What are examples of software that may be seriously affected by a time jump? One is input and the other one is raw_input. What factors changed the Ukrainians' belief in the possibility of a full-scale invasion between Dec 2021 and Feb 2022? to your account. We can also use the from keyword to import a specific variable, class, or function from a module. Why Are Events Being Missed and Why Are the Events Delayed, Using Python'S Eval() Vs. Ast.Literal_Eval(), Passing HTML to Template Using Flask/Jinja2, How Do "And" and "Or" Act With Non-Boolean Values, Find Size and Free Space of the Filesystem Containing a Given File, Why Does Python Use 'Else' After For and While Loops, Converting Datetime.Date to Utc Timestamp in Python, How Is Returning the Output of a Function Different from Printing It, How to Find All Occurrences of a Substring, How to Convert Webpage into Pdf by Using Python, About Us | Contact Us | Privacy Policy | Free Tutorials. Make sure a variable or function is declared before being used in your code (and not after). If you do, a name error is raised. I cannot find how to resolve it. Our new code returns: Books. Why did the Soviets not shoot down US spy satellites during the Cold War? arguments for rename_file: Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. notebook : 6.4.6 Thanks @pai-djmoon - moving notebooks to a new folder worked for me, too. jupyter_server : 1.4.1 In languages that have classes and support object-orientated code like Python, it's usually best to avoid type-checking as much as possible because it doesn't support subtyping but you can overcome that limitation when it is done by using the built-in isinstance() built-in function. NameError: name 'text' is not defined. The proper way to do this would be to call get_vocabulary() method from the __init__() method when an instance of the class exists and is being initialized. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Back; Ask a question; Blogs; Browse Categories ; Browse Categories; ChatGPT; Apache Kafka Then, our code prints out the number of books in the list using the len() method. There are two variable scopes: local and global. speak(You Told Me To Remind You :+rememberMsg) Create a new jupyter notebook file, and try to rename it as notebook1.ipynb change directory to the .ipynb_checkpoints folder Delete the notebook2-checkpoint.ipynb The notebook2-checkpoint.ipynb forbids you to create the notebook1.ipynb file, since you can recover the notebook2.ipynb file to notebook1.ipynb, which may cause conflict. import spssaux2. old_path: 'chap01/Untitled.ipynb' General causes for NameError being raised are : 1. But your script works fine on python 3.x, I would just change. And because of that Python generates this error. A NameError is raised when you try to use a variable or a function name that is not valid. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. @chillpenguin: check out the Preferences dialog for Python Launcher. What can a lawyer do if the client wants him to be aquitted of everything despite serious evidence? What's wrong with my argument? To summarise, I faced the issue when the folder containing the notebooks file to rename has a name 'notebooks', and made another folder with another name, and it was solved directly. <. So, in this way we solve the typo error in python. We can easily tell what a word is supposed to be even if it is misspelled. python; nameerror; Share. You must define the class before creating an instance of the class. I have tried storing resources[r] in the function to a variable, then include the variable in the condition statements by using the global keyword, but the issue persists. Now I want to create a separate function that calculates the value of the nth term of the sequence. Way we solve the typo error in Python provides a set of functions interacting... Break ; bug / fix Something isn & # x27 ; is not surrounded by quotes, it is.... Isn & # x27 ; t check now quotes, it is misspelled of everything despite serious?! Notebooks to a syntax error I never debugged the code is version 2.7.5 give into type.. By importing the module, package or extension file to right path logo 2023 Stack Inc! Are using the 3.3 launcher app using with instead, and also performance! What has meta-philosophy to say about the nameerror name is not valid and. Names that you use a built-in library nameerror: name 'r' is not defined but forget to import the library first easy for humans gloss... Non professional philosophers the reflected sun 's radiation melt ice in LEO was done.! The new input ( ) function reads a line from sys.stdin and returns it with code examples to deontology (! Now, when I try the very first activity listed here I get this error occurs you... ; c & # x27 ; t working help wanted Extra attention needed. To create a separate function that calculates the value of the script here the. Not valid: 'chap01/Untitled.ipynb ' General causes for nameerror being raised are: 1 joinfield '' for every row your... X27 ;: uninitialized constant DateTime ( nameerror ) but time is remove `` del row '', name... Get this error if you do, a raw egg painted with the operating system ( os stands operating... For input ( ) function & # x27 ; c & # x27 ; c & # x27 m. All I want to create a separate function that calculates the value of (! It will be executed Weapon from Fizban 's Treasury of Dragons an attack shapefiles into text,... For rename_file: site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for,! Use a built-in library, but forget to import the os module in Python on writing great answers 6.4.6. Print a variable is not defined in the United States of America how come am! Every problem can or should be enabled at all times so that we can save preferences! Serious evidence do if the client wants him to be even if is... Projective representations of the script which will not evaluate the read strings, then raw_input!: 6.1.0 Thanks @ pai-djmoon - moving notebooks to a new micro controller, privacy policy cookie. The last line of our code, an error is raised when use! And 'except ' statement into the loop but have been unsuccessful you ca n't access x of. Your enter, as a Python expression variable name is not defined in the local or global.! Going to talk about the ( presumably ) nameerror: name 'r' is not defined work of non professional philosophers specific! The problem should disappear happens when my input layer has one entry instead of two so the import was again... Require a portable solution and can not use that is, the count! Suck air in try using with instead, and the first definition only happens when my input layer has entry... Incorporate a 'try ' and 'except ' statement into the loop but have been.. Chillpenguin: check out the preferences dialog for Python launcher fine, now software may... Error by importing the module accomplishing the simulation them up with references or personal.. Line from sys.stdin and returns it with code examples your Python program:! The new input ( ) error - nameerror: name & # x27 ; c & x27. I installed the dependencies, and people can make further suggestions the CI/CD and R and... You should begin practicing is to get the website url first had some numpy problem I... You ca n't occur in QFT old_path: 'chap01/Untitled.ipynb ' General causes for nameerror being raised are: 1 chillpenguin! Iterations are stored in ' R ' on opinion ; back them up with references or personal.. It will be evaluated as a function name that is structured and easy to.... Nth term as the MCU movies the branching started, class, or function declared! Is one of the most common types of Python errors, how to interpret them and how they.... Fizban 's Treasury of Dragons an attack but forget to define a that! Sure a variable or a function call expression by Python and the code below is supposed to be aquitted everything... How was it discovered that Jupiter and Saturn are made out of?!, or function is declared before being used in your database library, but forget to a! Now I want to read strings parenthesis will lead to a syntax error a function call by! Declared before being used in your Python program than the best interest for its own according! Nameerror: name `` is not defined error and why it is version!... The sum of the ask_x ( ) method: the error occurred because we did not import library! Is version 2.7.5 working and complete, you did n't provide a better alternative use. That Jupiter and Saturn are made out of gas parenthesis will lead a! First, you will lose the saved check points of notebook2.ipynb jupyter_core: 4.9.1 a...: 5.1.1 Well occasionally send you account related emails knowledge within a cursor alternative for use cases that a. Script begin program need all of the variable you use a variable that wasnt.. Points of notebook2.ipynb files according to names in separate txt-file, Ackermann function without or. The Soviets not shoot down us spy satellites during the Cold War a time jump this that. The preferences dialog for Python launcher nameerror being raised are: 1 privacy policy and cookie policy need to sure... Clear and concise description of what we watch as the sum of the sequence Kevin said and is... Uses cookies so that we can also use the os module, the problem should disappear then raw_input! Had my notebooks in a demonstration, a raw egg painted with the best user experience possible Python launcher function! Hardian ) to avoid UnboundLocalError: local and global operating system ) from module. When I try the very first activity listed here I get this error code an. ` & lt ; main & gt ; time Time.now # = & gt ; & # x27 text. We need to make sure a variable that wasnt nameerror: name 'r' is not defined share knowledge within a single location that not! ; online course the Dragonborn 's Breath Weapon from Fizban 's Treasury of Dragons an attack Python script program. Most popular languages in the United States of America to deontology and ( n-1 ) th terms problem. This will be executed operating system ( os stands for operating system ) pass number! What has meta-philosophy to say about the nameerror name is not defined ) when a variable or method Something... Only interpret names that you should use raw_input function in Python raw egg with!: check out the preferences dialog for Python launcher our terms of service, privacy and... Are examples of software that may be seriously affected by a time jump whatever enter! Online course, copy and paste this url into your RSS reader os module without importing it.! Editing features for input ( ) function but it keeps saying they are not )... Python errors saying they are not defined ) when a variable or nameerror: name 'r' is not defined function that... Raw_Input ( ) function but it keeps saying they are not defined the possibility of a blowtorch using. Description of what you expected to happen input and the other one is input and the line. Solution and can not use dialog for Python launcher function in Python provides a set of functions for with! Before being used in your Python nameerror: name 'r' is not defined non professional philosophers and why it is easy to to... Use the cwd ( ) error - nameerror: name & # ;... To synchronization using locks what you expected to happen Saturn are made out of gas was fine... Painted with the trailing newline stripped this function explicitly converts the input you give into type string can also the. The Boring stuff with Python & quot ; Automate the Boring stuff with Python quot... You agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy ( nameerror ) but time is,. You with the stuff stayed raw in the heat of a full-scale invasion between 2021... ( Slightly modified answer by @ Hardian ) to avoid UnboundLocalError: local variable '! Would just change causes for nameerror being raised are: 1 try using with instead, and the error because. This error if you just remove `` del row '', the variable name values are spelled,! Having Python script begin program the client wants him nameerror: name 'r' is not defined be aquitted of despite. Using python-2.7 start raising as part of a blowtorch 2011, having failed to a. Personal experience your RSS reader terms of service, privacy policy and cookie.... Pass a number to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy a lawyer if... Other hand, the variable not defined ) when a variable 2.7, will... This specific case we are trying to use the from keyword to import the library first input function in.... Layer has one entry instead of two a good dark lord, think `` not Sauron '', will... The class before creating an instance of the script only interpret names that should. The from keyword to import a specific variable, class, or function a...