The continent is almost centered over the equator stretching from the consistently warm waters of the Mediterranean in the north right down to the frigid South Atlantic in the south. Coastal East Africa hosts the second largest population of savanna elephants in Africa. Popular Destinations Tanzania Ancient Settlement The ancient peoples of what would become the Swahili Coast prospered thanks to agriculture and animal husbandry, aided by a regular annual rainfall and shallow coastal waters plentiful in seafood. The second largest population of savanna elephants in Africa roam across this region in search of food and freshwater. Roland Oliver, et al. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. For example, we work with farmers to adopt drought resistant crops and conserve natural resources in the face of water shortages. So vast that it's not known as the 'East Coast', the way the West Coast is known as the 'West Coast' - probably because the Eastern Cape makes up such a large portion of it, leading to confusion. Author of, Distinguished Professor of History and African Studies, Michigan State University, East Lansing. 1250 24th Street, N.W. During the following fifteen centuries, the Bantu slowly intensified farming and grazing over all suitable regions of East Africa, in the process making contact with Austronesian- and Arabic-speaking settlers on southern coastal areas. The ethnic fabric in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda is much more fragmented, with many smaller peoples intermingled or occupying discrete territories. It also includes the world's second largest freshwater lake, Lake Victoria, and the world's second deepest lake, Lake Tanganyika. Corrections? On an average, the north equatorial warm current flows from east to west but this saline current is deflected northward when it crosses the mid-Atlantic Ridge near 15N latitude. The Periplus describes in some detail the shore of what was to become northern Somalia. Over several centuries countless East Africans were sold as slaves by Muslim Arabs to the Middle East and other places via the Sahara desert and Indian Ocean. Evidence was found in 2018, dating to about 320,000 years ago, at the Kenyan site of Olorgesailie, of the early emergence of modern behaviors associated with Homo sapiens, including: long-distance trade networks (involving goods such as obsidian), the use of pigments, and the possible making of projectile points. KHALED DESOUKI/AFP/Getty Images. However, politics have been turbulent at times, including the attempted coup d'tat in 1982 and the 2007 election riots. This photo depicts a portion of the base of the smack, illustrating the dense concentration of jellyfish. ~ Geo Cloete, ? Elephants, rhinos, lions, wild dogs, and more iconic species roam the landscape. Discounts at Africas best lodges and on our hand-made packages subscribers only, STORIES & DISCUSSIONS And four species of commercially important tunabigeye, albacore, yellowfin and skipjackare found here. Farmers are often killed while trying to defend their fields and elephants become the source of resentment and anger by the local communities. At the same time, inland areas were restored, enabling mangroves to adapt to sea level rise. WWF works with communities to identify vulnerabilities to climate change, and help them develop strategies to adapt and increase their resilience. Well-established gold and ivory trade network existed between African kingdoms in the interior and cities on the east coast of Africa. Ruins at Kilwa, on the southern Tanzanian coast, probably date from the 9th or perhaps from the 8th century. The state also established its hegemony over the declining Kingdom of Kush and regularly entered the politics of the kingdoms on the Arabian peninsula, eventually extending its rule over the region with the conquest of the Himyarite Kingdom. [52], The earliest Bantu inhabitants of the east coast of Kenya and Tanzania encountered by these later Arab and Persian settlers have been variously identified with the trading settlements of Rhapta, Azania and Menouthias[53] referenced in early Greek and Chinese writings from 50 CE to 500 CE,[54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61] ultimately giving rise to the name for Tanzania. It spans 11,430 square miles (Mozambiques portion is 2,470 square miles), is the eighth largest fresh water lake in the world and second deepest in Africa. [72] In the video games Halo 2 and Halo 3, East Africa is one of the central locations for the campaigns.[73]. Credit: DOI: 10.1038/s41561-021-00809-x. Encyclopedia Britannica, inc, Jacob E. Safra, J. D. Fage, A history of Africa, Routledge, 2002, p.29, Daniel Don Nanjira, African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy: From Antiquity to the 21st Century, ABC-CLIO, 2010, p.114. Eastern Africa consists largely of plateaus and has most of the highest elevations in the continent. The Indian ocean lies to the east of Africa, Wiki User. Here's a small sample of Africa's best beaches. Outside of protected areas, WWF supports joint antipoaching efforts, involving police, military and park service staff. To provide further sources of incomeand also serve as markers for property boundariesWWF helped incorporate citrus trees. 2023 World Wildlife Fund. Although no houses were being built of coral, stone mosques were being constructed. ceo@africageographic.com, Travel & conservation company, since 1991, , Photographer of the Year 2023 Weekly Selection: Week 3, Photographer of the Year 2023 Weekly Selection: Week 2. In 2011 with WWFs support, the government of Mozambique officially created the Lake Niassa Reserve. Omissions? The Omani presence continued in Zanzibar and Pemba until the Zanzibar Revolution in 1964. In the high mountains rainfall can be over 2,500mm (98in). One particularly powerful western boundary current is the Gulf Stream. Coastal storms bring stronger winds creating greater wave damage along shorelines. The Periplus Maris Erythraei. The Italian occupation of Ethiopia ended in 1941 during World War II as part of the East African Campaign.The French also staked out an East African outpost on the route to French Indochina. But also because there are so many different tourist coasts along its length. Portuguese naval vessels were very disruptive to the commerce of Portugal's enemies within the western Indian Ocean and were able to demand high tariffs on items transported through the sea due to their strategic control of ports and shipping lanes. Chapter 8: "The Cinnamon Route". The Horn of Africa, a major peninsular extension of the African mainland into the Arabian Sea, contains the vast lowland coastal plains of Somalia. June 25, 2020. East Africa & Indian Ocean cruises. The east coast of South Africa has a generally well-defined and narrow continental shelf area. In 1895, from bases in Somalia and Eritrea, the Italians launched the First ItaloEthiopian War against the Orthodox Empire of Ethiopia. [79], According to the CIA, as of 2017, the countries in the eastern Africa region have a total population of around 537.9 million inhabitants.[80]. The red stood for the English, blue stood for the French, and the beige stood for Germany during the period of colonialism. These voyages of discovery by the Chinese to the African Red Sea coast, East Africa and its Indian Ocean islands, required sea-worthy vessels. A windswept and beautiful coast is the face that South Africa presents to the world - at turns tempestuous and tamed, stormy and sublime. Tanzania has known stable government since independence although there are significant political and religious tensions resulting from the political union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar in 1964. It is observed by the authors of three 2018 studies on the site, that the evidence of these behaviors is approximately contemporary to the earliest known Homo sapiens fossil remains from Africa (such as at Jebel Irhoud and Florisbad), and they suggest that complex and modern behaviors had already begun in Africa around the time of the emergence of Homo sapiens. WWF and 1986 Panda Symbol are owned by WWF. Prevailing climatic conditions and the regions' geomorphology allowed the establishment of flourishing European style settlements like Nairobi, Vila Pery, Vila Junqueiro, Porto Amlia, Loureno Marques and Entebbe.[68]. Moreover, this area had the potential for a significant residential expansion, being suitable for the relocation of a large number of British nationals to the region. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. A green turtle that was accidentally caught in fishing gear is about to be returned to the wild by WWF staff. Though the majority of its houses were of wattle and daub, there were also some of stone. In the Western Indian Ocean, WWF works to transform the way fisheries are managed in order to achieve sustainability. Similarly, a positive Indian Ocean Dipole result in warm sea-surface temperatures off the coast of East Africa and lead to increased rainfall over East Africa. A frenzy of dolphins off the coast of Cote d-Ivoire Gary Krosin (Photographer of the Year 2018 Entrant), ? A blue shark just below the surface about 40km off Cape Point, South Africa Geo Cloete (Photographer of the Year 2018 Top 101), Sail southwest from Cape Point and eventually you will be surrounded by the blue horizon in all directions. These city-states built connections to the rest of the world while maintaining cultural, political, and economic connections with each other. Each year, tons of flip. From: Red Sea Trade and Travel. "The Egypto-Graeco-Romans and Paanchea/Azania: sailing in the Erythraean Sea." It is narrow, swift and strong. [27] There are differing theories on whether there was a single exodus or several; a multiple dispersal model involves the Southern Dispersal theory. The largest ethnic groups in eastern Africa are the Oromo, Cushitic speakers who occupy much of southern Ethiopia, and the related Somali, who occupy all of Somalia, southeastern Ethiopia, and much of Djibouti. Oxford: University Press. Elephants and other wildlife require freedom to roam in search of food and freshwater. Africa has a huge range of coastline which borders not only two oceans, but two seas as well. . (RSA) +27 (87) 551-8105 Lucas Jackson/Reuters Elsewhere in the US, the West Coast is getting hit by huge storms coming from the goofy jet stream . To comment on this story: Download our app here - it's a troll-free safe place . Like their predecessors, the Omani Arabs were primarily able only to control the coastal areas, not the interior. Only with more knowledge can we hope to make informed decisions. Though there is little evidence to suggest that its inhabitants had any buildings to begin with, wattle-and-daub dwellings appeared in due course, and by the 10th century short lengths of coral masonry wall were being built. By 1300, like the inhabitants of neighbouring Mafia, they were living in Muslim towns, the rulers of which were Shites. Lionel Casson. Author: George McCall Theal Source: Wikimedia Commons License: Public Domain At altitudes of above 2,500 metres (8,202ft), frosts are common during the dry season and maxima typically about 21C (70F) or less. Here the situation differed somewhat from that in the north, and, though tortoiseshell and rhinoceros horn were exported from thereas were quantities of ivory and coconut oilno mention is made of slaves. [42] Lowland barriers and diseases carried by the tsetse fly, however, prevented the donkey and agriculture from spreading southwards. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The climate of eastern Africa is generally tropical, though average temperatures tend to be reduced by the regions high elevations. A dense concentration of box jellyfish in the Atlantic Ocean, Cape Town, South Africa Geo Cloete (Photographer of the Year 2018 Semi-finalist), In 2016, I published a photo of an unusual and yet to be described behaviour displayed by box jellyfish. Today, tourism is an important part of the economies of Kenya, Tanzania, Seychelles, and Uganda. We measure sea temperature daily in 73 countries or regions, including: Azores, South Africa, England, Angola, Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Benin, Bermuda and Brazil . Eastern Africa has a diverse climate change that consist of hot, dry desert regions, cooler, and highlands. These campaigns have led to arrests of poachers and seizures of weapons and illegal wildlife items, including ivory and rhino horn. 11. We work with farmers to adopt practices that conserve resources and use less space, ensuring forest remains intact for wildlife. Some geologists studying the Canary Islands predict that the western side of a volcano eventually will slide off into the ocean, sending a 300-foot high wave of liquid destruction our way. From the base, several columns stretched up high into the water column. A green turtle swims in the blue waters at Marsa Abu Dabbab in the Red Sea, Egypt Cristian Umili (Photographer of the Year 2018 entrant), ? Several countries border the shores of the Atlantic Ocean. Sadly, when it comes to the ocean, the out of sight out of mind way of thinking often applies. This Somaliland protectorate was just opposite the British colony of Aden on the Arabian Peninsula. Various bodies of water surround Africa the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the east and southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west and in these waters, you will find an array of dazzling lifeforms, from the smallest nudibranch to the impressive schools of fish that move through the water like a flock of red-billed queleas on the African plains. (2009 est.) Reports show that eight million tons of plastic enter the oceans every year. Mafia Island, which lies out to sea here, could perhaps be Menouthias, the only island named in both the Periplus and the Guide, although this could also be either Pemba or Zanzibar (perhaps there has been a conflation of all three in the one name). Wild dogs, black rhinos and lions also roam its forests and grasslands. The health of stocks is wavering, particularly for tunas such as yellowfin and bigeye. 12. Arab governance of all the major ports along the Swahili coast continued until British interests aimed particularly at ending the slave trade and creation of a wage-labour system began to put pressure on Omani rule. WWF works with local communities, governments and industry to create awareness and appreciation for the connection between nature and people. Villagers found that the small no-take zones that allowed fish stocks to rebound also produced an abundance of oysters. They are filter feeders by their specialised gills. "Africa South of the Equator," in Africa Since 1800. The Arabs reclaimed much of the Indian Ocean trade, forcing the Portuguese to retreat south where they remained in Portuguese East Africa (Mozambique) as sole rulers until the 1975 independence of Mozambique. The easternmost point of the continent, that is Ras Hafun in Somalia, is of archaeological, historical and economical importance. Eastern Africa had an estimated population of 260 million in 2000. By 2050, there could be more plastic than fish in the seas by weight, according to one estimate. The situation is exacerbated by large-scale illegal logging, which is often exported to international markets. We encourage the use of drought resistant and high yield cropssuch as maize and beansand distribute improved seed varieties. The volcanic massif of Kilimanjaro, the highest mountain in Africa, reaches 19,340 feet (5,895 metres) in northeastern Tanzania. The British also held a number of island colonies in the region, including the extended archipelago of Seychelles and the rich farming island of Mauritius, previously under the French sovereignty. This, combined with the poleward-flowing Agulhas Current, serves to characterise the coastal ocean in . Elephants have learned that raiding farmers fields can provide them with tasty treatsleaving little for the farmer and his family. A large school of slingers at Sodwana Bay, South Africa Anthony Grote (Photographer of the Year 2016 Entrant), ? Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The South African coastline is 3200 km from Oranjemund on the west coast to the Mozambique border at Ponta do Oura on the east coast. Once implemented, the law will save the lives of up to 5,000 marine turtles per year and allow Mozambican fishers to sell their shrimp to the U.S. market. 2010-10-06 07:36:31. With these territories secured, Britain was able to serve as gatekeeper of the sea lane leading to British India. 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Sunday 6 October 2002. [25][26], According to the theory of the recent African origin of modern humans, the predominantly held belief among most archaeologists, East Africa in the area of the African Great Lakes is where anatomically modern humans first appeared. When we think "Africa," we think of the "Big Five"lions, elephants, leopards, buffalo and rhinosthat crisscross the African Savannah. The use of deterrentsnoise or chili peppershas resulted in a dramatic reduction of conflicts and crop field destruction. The kingdom is mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea as an important market place for ivory, which was exported throughout the ancient world. Twin parallel rift valleys that are part of the East African Rift System run through the region. WWF supports the rangers who patrol protected areas in Tanzania and Mozambique. The Atlantic is, generally speaking, S-shaped and narrow in relation . Apparently established in the 9th century, it is distinguished for its seawalls of coral blocks, each of which weighs up to a ton. Best Answer. Mozambique is institutinga five-year strategy that makes the sustainable management of natural resources and the environment a priority, and to the creation of a program that will focus on protecting the countrys natural capital. The east coast of Africa holds a bounty of life that rivals the land. There is little information concerning the period until the 8th century. Miller, J. Innes. The only island that is mentioned is Qanbalu, which appears to have been what is now Tanzanias Pemba Island. All rights reserved. Zanzibar is a semi-autonomous state in the United Republic of Tanzania. By 1896, the war had become a total disaster for the Italians and Ethiopia was able to retain its independence. sapiens, representative of the earliest Homo sapiens, and suggested that Homo sapiens arose between 350,000 and 260,000 years ago through a merging of populations in South and East Africa. Around 1,200 miles from the east coast of Africa, Mauritius is best known for its beautiful beaches, lagoons, reefs, and rainforests. WWF has also helped community fishing councils gain authority to combat illegal fishing in the reserve. In Mozambique, WWF helped initiate a new law that makes TEDs mandatory in the countrys shrimp trawl fleet. However, the town was taken and destroyed, and its large treasures went to strengthen the resources of Almeida. It spans two oceans as it winds its way down the Atlantic seaboard in the west and up into the warmer Indian Ocean waters to the east. The British Museum. [76][77][78], South Sudan peacefully seceded from the Sudan in 2011, six and a half years after a peace agreement ended the Second Sudanese Civil War. Speakers of Nilo-Saharan languages populate Uganda and the rift valley portions of Kenya and Tanzania, while speakers of Bantu languages constitute much of the remainder of these countries population. The child here is unidentified except that he is beind held for sale as a slave. 352-55), which traded East African products to India, the Far East, and the West. Its here, in the deep, pelagic waters, where blue sharks (Prionace glauca) call it home. World Wildlife Fund Inc. is a nonprofit, tax-exempt charitable organization (tax ID number 52-1693387) under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. [23] Similarly, a positive Indian Ocean Dipole result in warm sea-surface temperatures off the coast of East Africa and lead to increased rainfall over East Africa. The region also comprises the countries of Somalia, Djibouti, and Eritrea, which are . A gasflame nudibranch in False Bay, Cape Peninsula, South Africa Peet J. van Eeden (Photographer of the Year 2018 Entrant), ? I saw this compass jellyfish at the safety stop at five metres after completion of the dive. Threatened by illegal fishing, agricultural pollution and surrounding forest degradation, WWF worked to protect this area for future generations. Copy. Greek and Roman coins have been found, and there are some accounts of overseas migrations to the coast. This, coupled with similar climatic and ecological conditions in most of the surrounding coastal lands, has . [67] Portuguese rule in the African Great Lakes region focused mainly on a coastal strip centered around Mombasa. Between the 19th and 20th century, East Africa became a theatre of competition between the major imperialistic European nations of the time. Click the image for a larger view. My modest aim in this paper is to turn a similar spotlight on the East African coast, to re-examine the little-known set of oral histories that includes those . Here are the possible solutions for "Republic in East Africa, on the Indian Ocean" clue. Though there is some suggestion that in the 10th century the Muslims had not yet begun to move farther south than Somalia, on Qanbalu they soon became rulers of a pagan population, whose language they adopted. Weather extremes also severely threaten the regions traditional livelihoods of farming and fishing. Vast coastlines and active ports, combined with inadequate law enforcement and customs capacity, allow for large-scale shipments to move easily into international markets in Asia. I was swimming slowly after it, blacking out the background to highlight its vivid colours. ~ Peet J. van Eeden, ? While Madagascar is dominant, there are several smaller islands. They exported ivory (some of it went as far as China) and also tortoiseshell, ambergris, and leopard skins. Fast as they are, I doubt this shark was quick enough to outrun the storm. ~ Adam Mitchell, ? The construction of Fort Jesus in Mombasa in 1593 was meant to solidify Portuguese hegemony in the region, but their influence was clipped by the British, Dutch and Omani Arab incursions into the Great Lakes region during the 17th century. [71], There are movies that have depicted East Africa in various forms. Azania Vol. Overharvesting of timber and illegal commercial logging continue to threaten forests in Coastal East Africa. WWF helped Mozambique establish the Quirimbas marine reserve in 2002. [47] The Aksumite rulers facilitated trade by minting their own Aksumite currency. Marine Turtle, African elephant, Black rhino, White rhino, Great white shark, Dugong, Whale shark, In response to Covid-19, a new partnership will boost the devastated nature-based tourism industry in Africa, Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing. Experts say it is time . East Africa Discover East Africa & the Indian Ocean Islands - Enjoy Breathtaking Scenery, Wonderful Plants & Trees, Countless Varieties of Birds & Abundant Wildlife East Africa is home to some of the continent's most famous sights, but also some of its least explored corners. (Translation by H. Frisk, 1927, with updates and improvements and detailed notes). Between the two rift valleys lies a plateau that comprises most of Uganda and western Tanzania and includes Lake Victoria. Generally the Eastern Hemisphere includes most of Africa, about half of Antarctica, all of Asia and Australia/Oceania, and most of Europe. The scene was of a huge congregation which consisted of a densely stacked (but spread out) base. Through our involvement in the creation of local fishing associations, fishermen are recruited to monitor bycatch of turtles and dugongs and provide us with important data on population trends. . Sodwana Bay is the oldest marine reserve in South Africa and its healthy reefs and rich; diverse marine life is a prime example of this. ~ Geo Cloete, ? Trade, which seems to have been by barter, was considerable, with the main export probably of ivory. A humpback whale breaches in the waters by Nosy Boraha Island (le Sainte-Marie), Madagascar Gudkov Andrey (Photographer of the Year 2018 Top 101), ? East Africa is the part of Africa around and east of the Great Rift Valley, a land feature stretching from the Red Sea in the north, the Guardafui Channel in the east, and the Mozambique Channel in the southeast. [45] The ancient Puntites were a nation of people that had close relations with Pharaonic Egypt during the times of Pharaoh Sahure and Queen Hatshepsut. Whales, dolphins, dugongs and whale sharks inhabit these Indian Ocean waters. The Protectorate of Uganda and the Colony of Kenya were located in a rich farmland area mostly appropriate for the cultivation of cash crops like coffee and tea, as well as for animal husbandry with products produced from cattle and goats, such as goat meat, beef and milk. Stretching from the Arctic Circle to Antarctica, the Atlantic Ocean is bordered by the Americas to the west and Europe and Africa to the east. History buffs should spend some time in Lamu Town, which is full of old Swahili architecture, with buildings made of mangrove timber and coral stone, and huge, carved wooden doors. Approximately 55,000 people live in or around the Quirimbas marine reserve off the coast of Mozambique. . Few would imagine that there could be more natural beauty on offer. We also provide tools to reduce conflict with wildlife. The three main colors of the African country were beige, red, and blue. During barter, the foreigners bartered their goods with gold, ivory and slaves. Coastal East Africa encompasses a beautiful tapestry of land and seafrom mountains and grasslands to mangroves and fringing coral reefs. The Western Hemisphere includes about half of Antarctica and all of North and South America which includes the Caribbean and Central America as well as Greenland. The Indian Ocean, meanwhile, tempts travellers with the promise of idyllic islands set amongst calm turquoise waters, including Mauritius, Madagascar, the Maldives and the Seychelles. Submitted and determine whether to revise the article title economic connections with each.! Distribute improved seed varieties the time University east coast of africa ocean East Lansing out ) base the child is... Hemisphere includes most of Uganda and western Tanzania and includes Lake Victoria, and the 2007 riots. 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