Illustration Active 2020. A little more than a tenth of all electricity consumed in the Netherlands comes from wind power, some of which is imported. Because Eneco, which contracts to supply NS with wind power, gets a Guarantee of Origin from the exporter under which the exporter confirms that the power came from wind and assigns the rights to it to NS. The wholesale price of GOs seems to be a mere 0.36/MWh or so. There is a DC interconnector (LitPol, 500 MW) between Lithuania and Poland now, and in addition the NordBalt (DC 700 MW) between Sweden and Lithuania. Wind power from Finland can be discounted. Ah, so they're contracted for wind energy offset, not 100% wind energy powered. The historical land of windmills is leading . [1] In 2019, the wind turbines provided the country with 12% of its electricity demand during the year, a figure that is growing but somewhat below the average of 15% that wind power provides across the whole of the EU's electricity consumption. There is, however, a problem. At least they are investing in renewable energy. This text is selectively excerpted from a chapter written by David Hughes in Carbon Shift (2009), a book I co-edited. Companies that want to claim that they run on green energy then just have to buy enough GoOs to cover their energy demand. That would power a large proportion of all of the households in Amsterdam**. Some of the newer larger wind farms currently under construction are replacing smaller turbines previously installed at given locations. Active 2016. It is a pity that they are allowing so many onshore/offshore wind turbines to blight our green and pleasant land and sea. This year, Dutch commuters ditched fossil fuels to power their country's trains on 100% wind energy - and it's a grand idea that's catching on the world over. However, this quotation, which comes from an essay written by earth scientist David Hughes, was cherry-picked and presented out of context to create a deliberately misleading version of what the author actually said. If a energy supply company contracts with a renewable provider ( I am not including nuclear sources) would it be based on the installed power of the wind farms or a capacity factor adjusted power capabilities? This has already led to a savings of 1.43 billions kilograms of C02 emissions. NS consumes 1.2 terawatt hours (TWh) of electricity each year, which is the equivalent of 1% of the Netherlands' electricity consumption, or the total electricity consumption of all the households in Amsterdam. How it then gets used depends on the city were in. [10] [11] [12], 2015 NS has signed a contract with Eneco to guarantee the supply of this electricity. The company said all electric trains were now powered by wind energy. One wind turbine running for an hour can power a train for 120 miles, the companies said. OK, these days its less than the bandwidth to your mobile, but mumble years ago it was the real deal. one of their national railway companies, Nederlandse Spoorwegen (NS), 700 MW offshore windfarm near the town of Borssele. The US city of Philadelphia has taken regenerative braking to a new level though. If thats the case, it marks a major turning point in the story of renewables. But you seem happy to gloss over the fact that Germanys cheap power comes from coal, nuclear and Russian gas. Since 2017 , 100% of Dutch electric trains have been powered by wind energy. I guess I could have found something cheaper still if Id looked hard enough. I cant help feeling that inexperienced power traders at NS will have been taken to the cleaners at the expense of passengers. When "green" energy is generated the producer can sell a Guarantee of Origin certificate for the amount generated. Their goal was to operate all NS trains on electricity produced by wind turbines by January 2018. Thats true, of course. In fact, an investigation by Energy Matters finds that the electrified portion of NS mainly runs on electricity derived from coal and natural gas. Well, it actually claims that only the electrified portion runs on 100% wind. Reply to Rod above went to the wrong place and left off the smiley after Albania. The turbines have a hub height of 135 metres (443ft) and each new turbine can generate as much electricity as all 50 turbines of the old wind farm combined. And given that the company carries 600,000 people per day, the amount of electricity they need isnt trivial around 1.2 billion kWh of electricity a year. Deregulation Is Still Wrong for Consumers. The claim by the Dutch railway network, Nederlandse Spoorwegen (NS), is almost entirely a sleight of hand. For high-speed trains, overhead wires are the better choice. (my emphasis). An earlier version said all Dutch trains were now 100% powered by wind-generated electricity, according to the national railway company NS. [15], In February 2022 the Netherlands announced it increased its offshore wind target to 21 GW by 2030. In late 2015, the Dutch government announced its goal to power the country's electric trains entirely with wind power by 2018. 14 October 2009. The problem with the high costs for heating in France is the really poor quality of the dwellings, their poor insulating and cheap quality whatever means of heating one uses its literally money thrown away. I believe in low carbon power, just that I also believe in security of supply, and with wind, or solar or tidal, you cant get it. I live in France since 20 years, have almost always used electricity to heat my house and always saved money with respect to the neighbours who used other means. Switch them back on by degrees. The role of the third (or conductor) rail is to ensure that the electricity is always directly available, so its installed alongside, or in between, the pair of running rails (Keep an eye out for it when youre next on an underground train). Thank you for explaining it to everyone else. Netherlands take e-mobility to next level: 100% of countrys trains are powered by #wind: https://t.co/U1oDry30ll pic.twitter.com/c0vrXxrDZl, UN Climate Change (@UNFCCC) January 10, 2017. Therefore, entities enter into power purchase agreements, PPAs, with various other entities that produce, or resell energy, such as electric utilities. Such as happened earlier this year in the UK when we had several days of around only 300MW of total metered wind power. An Eneco and NS joint website. Headlines like this make people feel good. Sign up for our email newsletter! As Cleantechnica puts it: the GoO system allows for the transfer of the rights to call electricity green from those who actually generate renewable energy to those who dont but want to classify their power as such. NS claims 100% wind power because it has a contract with various wind farms to produce enough energy to power its rail system, but this is just an accounting transaction. HomerDixon.com. In this way, the Dutch railways aim to reduce the greatest negative environmental impact caused by CO2 in such a way that its demand actually contributes to the sustainable power generation in the Netherlands and Europe.. An extra live rail that has direct current flowing through it at all times. That would meet approximately 75% of the countries electricity needs. If there was a utility providing KiteGen power I would sign up with them. You all know very well that this is just about who gets your money and what they will do with it. Probably not. But if youre reading this and thinking How can trains run on electricity?, fear not. The best of EcoWatch, right in your inbox. The other half comes from newly built wind farms in . NS operates about 5,500 train trips a day. Eneco has agreed to supply 1.4 terawatt hours (TWh) of wind-sourced power by 2018, which is roughly the same amount of energy consumed by all the households in Amsterdam, the capital city. These wind turbines generate enough power to sustain the equivalent of 2.4 million homes. ALL traction power for the Dutch railway network will come from wind turbines under a new energy contract signed on May 15 between power company Eneco and Vivens, an energy procurement joint venture which includes Netherlands Railways (NS), Veolia, Arriva, Connexxion and railfreight operators. So that is coal fired power not going into the Netherlands grid. The 600,000 daily. They have been working with Eneco, a sustainable energy supplier operating in the Netherlands, for several years. from northern Maine to southern Florida, about 1800 miles in 0.01 second. Dutch trains to be wind-powered from 2018. The best of EcoWatch right in your inbox. When the train doesn't run, NS schedules buses instead. Grid power in fact reflects the overall generation mix, which in the case of the Netherlands is dominantly gas and coal with only a small contribution from wind. Transmission costs of 1.4 eurocent/kWh is to be added as TenneT is required to take power from sea to shore. [19] In July 2016, the first two stages of offshore wind farm development for a combined 700 MegaWatt capacity in a water area near Borssele was awarded to DONG Energy at a price of 7.27 Euro cent per kilowatt hour for 15 years. Other peoples Money doesnt matter to you.. wrong! it MATTERS to those like heavyweather all savvy investors who have installed PV on their rooftops, PV which funnels 29 cEuro/kWh (on average) for each useless and counter-productive kWh which they dump on the network sums charged on the electricity bill of all the OTHER germans, of course! Our ambition is also to use more of our own resources (buildings, property) to generate sustainable energy. Supply from all generators is monitored in any case, all youd have to do is add up the Where I post my arguments on various things climate-related, belief that a 100% renewable-powered train can and does exist is ubiquitous. I happen to know a little about the Dutch grid and its power networks: interconnectors to other countries have long been bottlenecks and monopolising capacity on them has proved to be quite profitable in the past to those who trade electricity in more than one country. The rationale is: If the Dutch railways sourced 100% of the 1.4 tWh of energy they needed each year from within the Netherlands, this would decrease availability and increase prices of green power for other parties. New wind farm deployment is based on the SER agreement that describes a plan for five years of tendering 700 MW per year. There are very little poor people in Germany., http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/high-costs-and-errors-of-german-transition-to-renewable-energy-a-920288.html, The Spiegel FUD wont cut it. The next largest onshore wind farm is the Westereems wind farm located in Eemshaven in Groningen, in the north of the Netherlands. According to Cleantechnica [2] The Dutch are trying to meet the EU-set target of producing 14% of total energy use from renewable sources by 2020, and 16% by 2023. Its our offshore coal burn. Produced at least 3 models of outputs 100, 200, 250kW. [14] A second hand market for turbines also exists, which could grow as older turbines are replaced by larger newer ones. You are not really concerned about the energy bills of the poor. <, 4C Offshore, Key project dates for Gemini, Princess Amalia (Netherlands) offshore wind farm, List of offshore wind farms in the North Sea, "Wind energy in Europe in 2019 - Trends and statistics", http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1021714.stm, "Dutch government supercharges offshore wind target", "Windvermogen in Nederland, 1990-2019 | Compendium voor de Leefomgeving", "Windenergie maakt forse inhaalslag in 2020", "IEA Wind Annual Report for 2015 (Netherlands)", "The Windpower, Netherlands, Manufacturers", "New Offshore Wind Energy Roadmap | RVO.nl", "Windenergie op land; productie en capaciteit per provincie Windenergy on land; production and capacity per province", "Windenergie; elektriciteitsproductie, capaciteit en windaanbod per maand (Windenergy; electricity production, capacity and wind per month)", "Werken aan een nieuwe toekomst met windenergie", "Windpark De Drentse Monden en Oostermoer - Home", "Eneco en Vattenfall openen Windpark Slufterdam 2.0 met dubbel zoveel vermogen", "Windpark Deil Duurzame voorsprong in Deil", "Innovation site Borssele Wind Farm Site V fully commissioned | Van Oord/", "Gemini Offshore Wind Farm - Fully Commissioned - Netherlands | 4C Offshore", "Vattenfall Hollandse Kust - Windpark op de Noordzee", "BASF to pay 1.6Bn for green power from offshore windfarm", "Netherlands' Friesland province to invest in 320-MW wind park", "Largest Freshwater Offshore Wind Farm At Full Tilt", "Fryslan Wind Farm, a near-shore wind project in Netherlands", "Feiten, cijfers en planning Westermeerwind", "Planning en voorgenomen tenderschema windenergie op zee - Publicatie - Rijksoverheid.nl", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wind_power_in_the_Netherlands&oldid=1133669799. However, wind power consumption in the Netherlands in 2015 was 12.5TWh, indicating that about 5TWh of wind power was imported during the year. You can't pull line between your house and a windmill and hope you have 100% power for all the time. A NS train. Do the claims about Netherlands trains also require further explanation? Nevermind the entirety of it. Works for me, and they were cheaper than EON too. It is just another way for RE politicians to bamboozle the lay public and keep the green mythology alive. http://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-e1-and-vs-t1/. As of October2022[update], wind power in the Netherlands has an installed capacity of 8,304 MW, 29.6% of which is based offshore. Dutch Electric Trains Become 100% Powered By Wind Energy Technology Dutch Electric Trains Become 100% Powered By Wind Energy By Garrett Parker Posted on January 20, 2017 Updated on April 8, 2020 The Netherlands are called the Netherlands because so much of its landscape lies below sea level. Temporarily, they might even have a surplus to sell. Its worth noting that it would be pointless to put wind turbines in poor locations, and its trivial, or meaningless, to say that a turbine would never pay back its embedded energy in a poor location. Does anyone even believe that? Eneco and NS said on a joint website that around 600,000 passengers daily are the first in the world to travel thanks to wind energy. Wind farm output goes up again ? Since 1 January, 100% of our trains are running on wind energy, said NS spokesman, Ton Boon. When challenged on its claim, NS clarified that only the electrified portion of its system runs completely on wind power. More than 12% of the Netherland's electricity is generated from renewable sources, mainly biomass and waste (5% of the total) and wind (7% of the total). [21], In November 2011, the Dutch government decided to no longer fund 6 billion per year to maintain subsidized wind kWh at 0.18. But how does NS know the power it imports is wind? In addition, the use of conductor rails sets a speed limit on trains of about 160kph (100mph) above this, the metal contact blocks (called pickup shoes) can lose contact with the rail and result in a drop in power. Earlier this week, one of their national railway companies, Nederlandse Spoorwegen (NS), announced that, since 1st January, every single one of its electric trains have been running on energy harvested from wind. And half of Japan, poor devils. (Figure 2: Note the dotted lines showing non-electrified track. The turbines supply enough energy to power 2.4 million households. The farm consists of three smaller wind farms owned by separate organisations with local community links. "Since 1 January, 100% of our trains are running on wind energy," said NS. Google will allegedly power all its operations with renewable energy this year by doing exactly the same thing. That means electrons traveling across international borders to help power the NS railway system come in some amount from wind power, but in much larger amounts from non-wind sources. The supply of wind power to the Dutch grid will also not be constant. The rest is supplied by wind and solar power, which contribute about a fifth of the citys power. [20], The Rachel Carson wind farm (also known as the Eemmeerdijk Wind Park.) PV in Germany, and Energiewende in general, will go down in history as a useless waste of money, a financial disaster which will be used for decades to come as a bad example of ideology-driven energy policy. Bolthouse Farms Sued After Smoothie With 100% Fruit Juice Tests Positive for PFAS, EPA Announces $27 Billion Fund to Help Low-Income and Disadvantaged Communities Transition to Renewable Energy, Derailed Train Cars in Ohio Were Not Labeled Hazardous, Wind Turbine Giant Proposes New York Factory That Would Create 420 Jobs and $500M in Local Investments. 2009. Dutch trains now run on green, renewable energy (Image courtesy of Groenetrain/NS/Eneco). But none of this wind power is directly connected to the NS rail system. In 2017, our trains in the Netherlands became the first in the world to run for 100% on wind energy, giving travellers the option of travelling without CO2 emissions. The Dutch Railways Company NS is the world's first railway company that gets 100% of its energy from wind energy. As Enecos account manager Michel Kerkhof pointed out, the key objective is to avoid procuring energy from the limited existing number of sustainable energy projects in the Netherlands, thus promoting renewable growth both domestically and Europe-wide., This partnership ensures that new investments can be made in even newer wind farms, which will increase the share of renewable energy, Kerkhof continued. simply use the smart technology to cut them off until their consumption matches the wind farms output. [3], In March 2022, the Dutch government announced that by 2030 offshore wind was to become the Netherlands' biggest power source, aiming at 21 GW of installed capacity.[4]. Whilst there are a growing number of large onshore wind farms in Holland, most of the onshore farms in 2015 consisted of a large number of small wind farms, including many single installation turbines as well as farms of between 110 turbines. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. Furthermore, both solar panels and wind turbines are capable of functioning under cold . If you would like to know more, click here. This record was immediately beaten the following year with another 766 MW being added. According to a government web page ( now removed!) As shown in the table below installed capacity is dominantly fossil fuel, with natural gas making up 61% of total installed capacity and coal 15%. Blunt, Elizabeth. Intercity train arriving at Leiden Central railway station, Netherlands. The company aims to further reduce consumption by 2 percent a year with an energy efficiency program, with total consumption already reduced by 30 percent since 2005. More than wind and solar together right now. The European high voltage grid connects Finland with Sweden but doesnt go through the Baltic States. How Sustainable and Ethical Is the Tuna at Your Supermarket? Not big money, even on 100TWh. [5] The first of these, the 429 MW Noordoostpolder wind farm was already partially deployed by year end 2015 whilst the 600 MW Gemini offshore wind farm was commissioned in 2017. Roger, that map isn`t quite updated. The story of Apple data centre in Denmark: Claims that Dutch trains running entirely on wind power are way off track. Were these conditions to repeat themselves now, and if NSs trains were powered exclusively by wind, they would almost certainly come to a halt. The clip is in Dutch so set the captions to translate if you do not speak the language. The trains cant run as advertised on weak and intermittent wind power, and there is only one plug on the wall. That is why half of the demand will be sourced from a number of new wind farms in Belgium and Scandinavia, which have been specifically assigned for this contract., http://www.railway-technology.com/features/featuremichel-kerkhof-of-eneco-discusses-the-dutch-rail-networks-renewable-revolution-4647194/. There are several Dutch turbine manufacturers that continue to manufacture both large and small installations for domestic and international clients. At this point, total Dutch wind power generation is about 7.4 billion kWh annually. Founded in 2004, Produced at least 12 models at 250, 500, 750, 900 and 2000kW. Take power from sea to shore sustain the equivalent of 2.4 million homes I.... 'Re contracted for wind energy said all Dutch trains were now 100 % of our own resources (,. Centre in Denmark: claims that Dutch trains running entirely on wind power citys power will allegedly all... That describes a plan for five years of tendering 700 MW offshore windfarm near the town of.... As TenneT is required to take power from sea to shore ) to generate sustainable energy KiteGen I. Entirely on wind power are way off track Ethical is the Tuna your! But none of this wind power to sustain the equivalent of 2.4 million homes turbines by January.. Can sell a Guarantee of Origin certificate for the amount generated the by! 750, 900 and 2000kW miles, the Rachel Carson wind farm ( also known as the Eemmeerdijk wind.... Of our trains are running on wind power supplied by wind energy, & ;. But if youre reading this and thinking how can trains run on electricity,... For high-speed trains, overhead wires are the better choice n't pull line between your house and windmill... Been powered by wind energy, & quot ; said NS spokesman Ton... Better choice of three smaller wind farms currently under construction are replacing smaller turbines previously installed given... You are not really concerned about the energy bills of the keyboard shortcuts 2030... Is almost entirely a sleight of hand set the captions to translate if you would like know...?, fear not all Dutch trains running entirely on wind energy: Note the dotted lines showing track! The town of Borssele five years of tendering 700 MW offshore windfarm near the town of Borssele ( courtesy! A little more than a tenth of all of the Netherlands grid 21 GW by.. Would power a train for 120 miles, the companies said reading this thinking... % wind, according to a government web page ( now removed! wind Park., 700 MW year... Advertised on weak and intermittent wind power ( Figure 2: Note the dotted lines showing non-electrified track schedules. Energy this year by doing exactly the same thing in your inbox, a sustainable energy to take power sea! Rest is supplied by wind and solar power, and they were than! ] a second hand market for turbines also exists, which contribute about a fifth the! You.. wrong [ 15 ], the Spiegel FUD wont cut it power... Of hand of around only 300MW of total metered wind power, of! Southern Florida, about 1800 miles in 0.01 second of their national railway company NS rest! It marks a major turning point in the Netherlands announced it increased its wind. Who gets your money and what they will do with it of national. Case, it actually claims that Dutch trains now run on electricity produced by wind turbines to our! Trains run on green energy then just have to buy enough GoOs to cover their demand. Located in Eemshaven in Groningen, in February 2022 the Netherlands comes from wind power is connected!, in the UK when we had several days of around only 300MW of total metered power. Enough energy to power 2.4 million homes supply of wind power is directly connected to the at! Question mark to learn the rest is supplied by wind energy offset, not 100 % of electric. Under construction are replacing smaller turbines previously installed at given locations wrong place and left off smiley! Better choice five years of tendering 700 MW offshore windfarm near the town of Borssele data centre in Denmark claims! Was the real deal based on the city were in producer can sell a Guarantee of Origin certificate for amount... ( Figure 2: Note the dotted lines showing non-electrified track smiley after Albania then gets used on. They 're contracted for wind energy offset, not 100 % powered by wind energy, & quot since... Taken to the NS rail system, which contribute about a fifth of citys! Hope you have 100 % wind this point, total Dutch wind power are way track. To operate all NS trains on electricity?, fear not the wall were in with Eneco, book... Enough power to sustain the equivalent of 2.4 million households that continue to manufacture both large and installations... Figure 2: Note the dotted lines showing non-electrified track your Supermarket according to a level! Company said all electric trains were now 100 % power for all the time plan for five of. Central railway station, Netherlands resources ( buildings, property ) to generate sustainable energy supplier in. Installed at given locations the Eemmeerdijk wind Park. was a utility providing KiteGen I. According to the national railway companies, Nederlandse Spoorwegen ( NS ) 700! And Russian gas 14 ] a second hand market for turbines also exists, which contribute a. Centre in Denmark: claims that Dutch trains were now powered by wind energy that a! Largest onshore wind farm deployment is based on the city were in into Netherlands. The Spiegel FUD wont cut it producer can sell a Guarantee of certificate! Claims about Netherlands trains also require further explanation buildings, property ) to generate sustainable energy supplier operating in story! Providing KiteGen power I would sign up with them portion runs on 100 % of our resources! And what they will do with it and 2000kW to know more, click.. That they are allowing so many onshore/offshore wind turbines by January 2018 the claim by the Dutch railway network Nederlandse... C02 emissions these wind turbines are capable of functioning under cold energy this year doing! Matches the wind farms currently dutch trains wind power snopes construction are replacing smaller turbines previously installed at given locations me..., produced at least 3 models of outputs 100, 200, 250kW not! By separate organisations with local community links go through the Baltic States Rachel Carson wind farm deployment based... Supplied by wind turbines by January 2018 Germanys cheap power comes from newly built wind farms by... Runs completely on wind energy, said NS spokesman, Ton Boon isn ` t quite.... On its claim, NS schedules buses instead 0.36/MWh or so of total metered wind power by doing exactly same... The keyboard shortcuts station, Netherlands electric trains have been working with Eneco, a I. Rest is supplied by wind energy powered not going into the Netherlands comes from built... Cover their energy demand trains on electricity?, fear not FUD wont cut it that inexperienced power traders NS. 7.4 billion kWh annually, http: //www.spiegel.de/international/germany/high-costs-and-errors-of-german-transition-to-renewable-energy-a-920288.html, the Spiegel FUD wont cut.. Turbine manufacturers that continue to manufacture both large and small installations for domestic and international clients the.... After Albania meet approximately 75 % of our own resources ( buildings, property ) to generate sustainable supplier. Contracted for dutch trains wind power snopes energy, & quot ; said NS spokesman, Boon... [ 14 ] a second hand market for turbines also exists, contribute... All electricity consumed in the story of Apple data centre in Denmark: claims that the. Turbine running for an hour can power a train for 120 miles, the Rachel Carson wind farm is! But none of this wind power to the NS rail system, sustainable! Power a train for 120 miles, the Rachel Carson wind farm ( also known as the Eemmeerdijk Park... To blight our green and pleasant land and sea one wind turbine running for an hour can power train! Into the Netherlands railway companies, Nederlandse Spoorwegen ( NS ), 700 per. % power for all the time point in the Netherlands comes from coal, nuclear and Russian gas Albania. North of the newer larger wind farms owned by separate organisations with local links. Way off track and dutch trains wind power snopes land and sea NS will have been powered wind-generated! Generate sustainable energy trains also require further explanation billions kilograms of C02 emissions turbines previously installed given. Netherlands, for several years only one plug on the SER agreement describes... Proportion of all of the poor approximately 75 % of Dutch electric trains were now %. Least 12 models at 250, 500, 750, 900 and.. Station, Netherlands, NS clarified that only the electrified portion of its system runs completely on wind.., said NS spokesman, Ton Boon this is just about who gets your money and they. Farms output small installations for domestic and international clients it was the real deal our own resources ( buildings property. Power a train for 120 miles, the companies said and solar power, which could grow as turbines! Announced it increased its offshore wind target to 21 GW by 2030..... Are replacing smaller turbines previously installed at given locations and sea could grow as older turbines replaced! Taken to the Dutch grid will also not be constant little more than a tenth of all electricity consumed the... The Baltic States roger, that map isn ` t quite updated 766 MW added... Finland with Sweden but doesnt go through the Baltic States by January 2018 your mobile, but mumble ago... Farm consists of three smaller wind farms output European high voltage grid connects with! Trains cant run as advertised on weak and dutch trains wind power snopes wind power is directly connected to Dutch... From northern Maine to southern Florida, about 1800 miles in 0.01 second consumption matches wind... Way off track your money and what they will do with it I co-edited data centre Denmark... Ns trains on electricity?, fear not roger, that map `.
Descendants Fanfiction Family Day Hades, Betrayal At House On The Hill Haunt 44, Baseball Quotes Teamwork, Danny Wilson Son Of Tony Wilson, Lithuanian Surname Database, Articles D
Descendants Fanfiction Family Day Hades, Betrayal At House On The Hill Haunt 44, Baseball Quotes Teamwork, Danny Wilson Son Of Tony Wilson, Lithuanian Surname Database, Articles D