[138][137][139], The most important governmental changes targeted the heart of the regime: the chancery. [211][212][213] During his rule, Maximilian I had a double focus on both the East and the West. . Austria's crown jewels include the royal robes, orb, scepter, cross and ring. The Holy Roman Empire was a feudal monarchy that encompassed present-day Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Austria, the Czech and Slovak Republics, as well as parts of eastern France, northern Italy, Slovenia, and western Poland at the start of the early modern centuries. The Holy Roman Empire was a great empire, it had its ups and downs but in all it was an amazing success. The gem shines powerfully and it is said that it once even shone at night, but not in our time, but it is said to preserve the honour of the empire. For the Pope, it meant that the Catholic Church had the protection of the most powerful ruler in Europe. [130] After 1440, the reform of the Empire and Church was sustained and led by local and regional powers, particularly the territorial princes. [203][204], In its earlier days, the Empire provided the principal medium for Christianity to infiltrate the pagans' realms in the North and the East (Scandinavians, Magyars, Slavic people etc.). Charlemagne's good service to the Church in his defense of Papal possessions against the Lombards made him the ideal candidate. Berthold von Henneberg, the Archbishop of Mainz, who spoke on behalf of reform-minded princes (who wanted to reform the Empire without strengthening the imperial hand), capitalized on Frederick's desire to secure the imperial election for Maximilian. The Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire (German: Reichskrone) was the hoop crown (German: Bgelkrone) of the Holy Roman Emperor from the 11th century to the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806. [105] The Pope, in turn, excommunicated the king, declared him deposed, and dissolved the oaths of loyalty made to Henry. [252], The Habsburg royal family had its own diplomats to represent its interests. As our country strengthens its grip on the Imperial Crown and the Princes begin to see us as the natural holders, Imperial Authority increases. These were the largest of the German realms. Its eight hinged plates are arched at the top. The Holy Roman Empire's Quiet End: August 6, 1806. The Holy Roman Empire was a political entity in Western, Central, and Southern Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars.. From the accession of Otto I in 962 until the twelfth century, the Empire was the most powerful monarchy in Europe. The humanists rediscovered the work Germania, written by Tacitus. It was ruled by a Holy Roman Emperor who oversaw local regions controlled by a variety of kings, dukes, and other officials. The crown was used in the coronation of the King of the Romans, the title assumed by the Emperor-elect immediately after his election. [129], Frederick III had been very careful regarding the reform movement in the empire. For electors the title became hereditary, and they were given the right to mint coins and to exercise jurisdiction. Each plate of the crown is made out of a high carat gold, around 22 carats, which gives the crown a "buttery" colour, and is studded with pearls and precious stones. Debates continue about when exactly the "Holy Roman Empire" began. The Roman Empire was the greatest ancient empire of Europe. It was the end of nearly 1,000 years of existence of a strange institution, which the French philosopher and thinker Voltaire succinctly described: 'The . The Holy Roman Empire at its greatest territorial extent (c. 1200- c. 1250), Post-Carolingian Eastern Frankish Kingdom, Rise of the territories after the Hohenstaufens, French Revolutionary Wars and final dissolution, The Holy Roman Empire and the imperial families' dynastic empires, Some historians refer to the beginning of the Holy Roman Empire as 800, with the crowning of, Regensburg, seat of the 'Eternal Diet' after 1663, came to be viewed as the unofficial capital of the Empire by several European powers with a stake in the Empire France, England, the Netherlands, Russia, Sweden, Denmark and they kept more or less permanent envoys there because it was the only place in the Empire where the delegates of all the major and mid-size German states congregated and could be reached for lobbying, etc. [133][134][135], To create a rival for the Reichskammergericht, in 1497 Maximilian establish the Reichshofrat, which had its seat in Vienna. The new organ proved politically weak, and its power returned to Maximilian in 1502. The rise of the cities and the emergence of the new burgher class eroded the societal, legal and economic order of feudalism. Philip thought he had the backing of the French Pope, The crown of the Holy Roman Empire (in German Reichskrone) is the crown of the King of the Romans, ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, since the High Middle Ages. Instead Henry, Count of Luxembourg, with the aid of his brother, Baldwin, Archbishop of Trier, was elected as Henry VII with six votes at Frankfurt on 27 November 1308. Kaiser Sigismund in Ungarn 1387-1437", "SEHEPUNKTE - Rezension von: Kaiser Sigismund (1368-1437) - Ausgabe 14 (2014), Nr. Because the like of it has never been seen elsewhere, it is called the "Orphan". The imperium of the Holy Roman Empire had been the highest secular office in the western world ever since its foundation by Charlemagne, an act surrounded by myth and . [citation needed]. Crown worn by the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, The Encyclopdia Britannica states that the Imperial Crown was probably made for Otto I in the workshops of, The depiction of the Lord of Host or God the Father as a Holy Roman Emperor becomes commonplace in medieval art (e.g., the, The Encyclopdia Britannica suggests that originally this arch was replaced for each succeeding emperor, until after the reign of Conrad II, when the present arch was kept permanently, "From Charlemagne to Hitler: The Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire and its Symbolism", "Recovering Gold and Regalia: a Monuments Man investigates", Crown of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, Kamelaukion of Constance of Sicily or Frederick II, Silver crown of Emperor Tewodros (Ethiopia), Crown of Sri Vikrama Rajasinha of Sri Lanka, Ducal hat of the Princes of Liechtenstein, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Crown_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire&oldid=1140758565, Imperial Regalia of the Holy Roman Empire, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 16:58. Charles V was absent in Germany from 1521 to 1530. [190] Charles initiated his reign in Castile and Aragon, a union which evolved into Spain, in conjunction with his mother Joanna of Castile. Otto III's (and his mentor Pope Sylvester's) diplomatic activities coincided with and facilitated the Christianization and the spread of Latin culture in different parts of Europe. [25] In theory and diplomacy, the emperors were considered primus inter pares, regarded as first among equals among other Catholic monarchs across Europe. As the Latin Church only regarded a male Roman Emperor as the head of Christendom, Pope Leo III sought a new candidate for the dignity, excluding consultation with the Patriarch of Constantinople.[69][70]. Within this court, the Emperor appointed the chief justice, always a highborn aristocrat, several divisional chief judges, and some of the other puisne judges. [92] Their son, Otto III, came to the throne only three years old, and was subjected to a power struggle and series of regencies until his age of majority in 994. The crown was probably made in western Germany under Ottone I with additions from Corrado II, entirely under Corrado II, or under Corrado III. HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE. Higher-ranking princes had individual votes, while lower-ranking princes were grouped into "colleges" by geography. The Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire, a hoop crown with a characteristic octagonal shape, was the coronation crown of the Holy Roman Emperor, probably from the late 10th century until the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806.The crown was used in the coronation of the King of the Romans, the title assumed by the Emperor-elect immediately after his election. All the members of the Habsburg dynasty. Until the end of the 15th century, the empire was in theory composed of three major blocks Italy, Germany and Burgundy. Map of the Roman Empire at its Largest Extent, with Provinces, in 150 AD. Translation of the grant of privileges to merchants in 1229: The only prince allowed to call himself "king" of a territory in the Empire was the. The Iberian-Moroccan caliph accepted his claims over the suzerainty over Tunis and Tripolitania and paid tribute. The crown is made of eight round-topped plaques of gold hinged together and kept rigid by an interior ring of iron; it is decorated with jewels and enamel in the . From the High Middle Ages onwards, the Holy Roman Empire was marked by an uneasy coexistence with the princes of the local territories who were struggling to take power away from it. During the 13th century, a general structural change in how land was administered prepared the shift of political power towards the rising bourgeoisie at the expense of the aristocratic feudalism that would characterize the Late Middle Ages. [94], Otto died young in 1002, and was succeeded by his cousin Henry II, who focused on Germany. The Holy Roman Empire should not be mistaken for the Roman Empire.. This also renewed the conflict with the Eastern Emperor in Constantinople, especially after Otto's son Otto II (r. 96783) adopted the designation imperator Romanorum. Two strips of iron of unidentified date, riveted with golden rivets to the plates, hold the crown together. It was created by the coronation of the Frankish king . [120] Instead of personal duties, money increasingly became the common means to represent economic value in agriculture. Otto's being crowned emperor marked the beginning of a succession of emperors that would continue unbroken for over eight centuries. It was thus increasingly in the king's own interest to strengthen the power of the territories, since the king profited from such a benefit in his own lands as well. For example, the estates of the Imperial Knights were formally mediatized in 1806, having de facto been seized by the great territorial states in 1803 in the so-called Rittersturm. Since then, some variation of this quote has found itself into history classes around the world. The Holy Roman Empire (Latin: Sacrum Imperium Romanum; German: Heiliges Rmisches Reich), occasionally but unofficially referred to as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, was a group of regions and free cities in central Europe under the rule of an emperor who was elected by the princes and magistrates of the regions . The Imperial Crown of Austria was originally the crown of Rudolf II, the Holy Roman Emperor of the House of Hapsburg. The conflict between several papal claimants (two anti-popes and the "legitimate" Pope) ended only with the Council of Constance (14141418); after 1419 the Papacy directed much of its energy to suppressing the Hussites. Other historians who work on estimates of the population of the early modern Empire suggest the population declined from 20million to some 1617million by 1650. A "royal headdress" of the Persian Empire is mentioned at Esther 1:11; 2:17; 6:6-10. In the 11th century the present arch, with its cresting of small round-topped plaques, replaced the original, and a jeweled cross, meant originally to hang upon the breast, was fastened to the front plate of the crown. The provinces Imperial Chamber Court extended to breaches of the public peace, cases of arbitrary distraint or imprisonment, pleas which concerned the treasury, violations of the Emperor's decrees or the laws passed by the Imperial Diet, disputes about property between immediate tenants of the Empire or the subjects of different rulers, and finally suits against immediate tenants of the Empire, with the exception of criminal charges and matters relating to imperial fiefs, which went to the Aulic Council. During the final phase of the reign of Emperor Frederick III (ruled 14521493), Imperial Reform began. Simms notes that their choice was a contractual one, tying Ferdinand's rulership in these kingdoms and territories to his election as King of the Romans and his ability to defend Central Europe. When Bohemians rebelled against the Emperor, the immediate result was the series of conflicts known as the Thirty Years' War (161848), which devastated the Empire. Another crown, more in keeping with Renaissance taste, was made for the emperor in 1602. [118] Bohemia's political and financial obligations to the Empire were gradually reduced. The Byzantine emperor worried that Henry would turned his Crusade plan against his empire, and began to collect the alamanikon to prepare against the expected invasion. Though he ruled in an era many scholars describe as a " Dark Age ," Charlemagne made the capital of his vast kingdom a center of learning. After being elected, the King of the Romans could theoretically claim the title of "Emperor" only after being crowned by the Pope. [233] Imperial Italy was more centralized, most of it c. 1600 being divided between Savoy (Savoy, Piedmont, Nice, Aosta), the Grand Duchy of Tuscany (Tuscany, bar Lucca), the Republic of Genoa (Liguria, Corisca), the duchies of Modena-Reggio and Parma-Piacenza (Emilia), and the Spanish Duchy of Milan (most of Lombardy), each with between half a million and one and a half million people. The Pope and the German princes had surfaced as major players in the political system of the empire. Imperial Crown of The Holy Roman Empire. Rules from the past no longer adequately described the structure of the time, and a reinforcement of earlier Landfrieden was urgently needed. [115][116][117] As his son, Frederick II, though already elected king, was still a small child and living in Sicily, German princes chose to elect an adult king, resulting in the dual election of Frederick Barbarossa's youngest son Philip of Swabia and Henry the Lion's son Otto of Brunswick, who competed for the crown. The Holy Roman Empire existed from 962 to 1806. The crown was used in the coronation of the King of the Romans, the title assumed by the Emperor-elect immediately after his election. During the Middle Ages, some Kings and Emperors were not of German origin, but since the Renaissance, German heritage was regarded as vital for a candidate in order to be eligible for imperial office.[236]. Although its claim to be the Roman successor state in Western Europe is a little more fragmentary than that of the Byzantine Empire in the East (which was a more-or-less unbroken continuation from the Eastern Roman Empire), the Holy Roman Empire consciously . Holy Roman Empire 1400 flag and Holy Roman Empire 14th century 3x5ft single sided and double sided of your choice 2 Different versions flags. mike vernon royal household; are there snakes in gran canaria; shooting in laurel, md yesterday. In the west, the Rhineland increasingly fell under French influence. The Roman Law was made binding in German courts, except in the case it was contrary to local statutes. The stones are not cut into facets (a technique still unknown when the crown was made), but polished into rounded shapes and fixed en cabochon, i.e. He eventually incorporated the territories of present-day France, Germany, northern Italy, the Low Countries and beyond, linking the Frankish kingdom with Papal lands. At the beginning of Charles's reign, another Reichsregiment was set up again (1522), although Charles declared that he would only tolerate it in his absence and its chairman had to be a representative of his. [257], In the early 17th century, the electors held under their rule the following number of Imperial subjects:[258], While not electors, the Spanish Habsburgs had the second highest number of subjects within the Empire after the Austrian Habsburgs, with over 3 million in the early 17th century in the Burgundian Circle and Duchy of Milan. [243][244][245] Vienna became Imperial capital during the 1550s under Ferdinand I (reigned 15561564). . As part of the Imperial Reform, six Imperial Circles were established in 1500; four more were established in 1512. By 1800 he estimates the Empire's population at 29 million (excluding Italy), with another 12.6 million held by the Austrians and Prussians outside of the Empire. This continued after Frederick was crowned Emperor in 1220. When he died in 1137, the princes again aimed to check royal power; accordingly they did not elect Lothair's favoured heir, his son-in-law Henry the Proud of the Welf family, but Conrad III of the Hohenstaufen family, the grandson of Emperor Henry IV and thus a nephew of Emperor Henry V. This led to over a century of strife between the two houses. Charles V defeated the Protestant princes in 1547 in the Schmalkaldic War, but the momentum was lost and the Protestant estates were able to survive politically despite military defeat. From 1792 onwards, revolutionary France was at war with various parts of the Empire intermittently. [49], By the end of the 18th century, the term "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation" fell out of official use. 11", "Society for Imperial Chamber Court Research, Wetzlar", "Seven German cities you never knew were once capitals", "International trade and institutional change: A death in Venice", "The Great Depression of the 14th Century", "Reflecting the Nation: The Historiography of Hanseatic Institutions", "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia", "Les langues du roi. As a result it remained a heraldic crown only, even though it was also represented as if a real crown existed on that model, e.g. Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. In fact, the empire was never simply "Germany". The larger principalities in the Holy Roman Empire, beginning around 1648, also did the same. Although made for Otto the Great (912-973), it was named for Charlemagne, the first Holy Roman emperor. [80][81], In 951, Otto came to the aid of Adelaide, the widowed queen of Italy, defeating her enemies, marrying her, and taking control over Italy. After his death, his second son, Henry V, reached an agreement with the Pope and the bishops in the 1122 Concordat of Worms. The Imperial Crown was the inspiration for the German State Crown designed in 1871 for the arms of the German Empire and its Emperor. [20] The functioning of government depended on the harmonious cooperation between monarch and vassals,[21] but this harmony was disturbed during the Salian period. who had been elected Bohemian Crown Prince in 1617, triggered the Thirty Years' War in 1618, when his representatives were thrown out of a . [35] The modern view favours Otto as the true founder. The bulk of the weaponry and other military materiel was supplied by firms based in the Empire and financed by German banks. The Holy Roman Empire was a fragmented collection of largely independent states, which, after the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century, was divided between Catholic and Protestant rulership. A large portion of the former duchy had been annexed by the Venetian Republic earlier in the 18th century. God revealed the meaning of this prophecy at the time of the sixth "king," or leader, of the Holy Roman Empire: Adolf Hitler. Some territories like Piedmont-Savoy became increasingly independent, while others became more dependent due to the extinction of their ruling noble houses causing these territories to often fall under the dominions of the Habsburgs and their cadet branches. Instead, to secure their own position from the threat of being deposed, emperors were forced to grant more and more autonomy to local rulers, both nobles and bishops. They also imported German princely families as rulers, although in both cases, this did not produce direct unions. Up to that time, he remained in Germany, while a deposed duke, Crescentius II, ruled over Rome and part of Italy, ostensibly in his stead. Several Emperors attempted to reverse this steady dilution of their authority but were thwarted both by the papacy and by the princes of the Empire. [45] The new title was adopted partly because the Empire lost most of its territories in Italy and Burgundy to the south and west by the late 15th century,[47][full citation needed] but also to emphasize the new importance of the German Imperial Estates in ruling the Empire due to the Imperial Reform. A further important constitutional move at Roncaglia was the establishment of a new peace mechanism for the entire empire, the Landfrieden, with the first imperial one being issued in 1103 under Henry IV at Mainz.[112][113]. The actual end of the empire did not come for two centuries. There is a lot to see: There is the Austrian Imperial Crown and the insignia of the Holy Roman Empire with the Imperial Crown and the Holy Lance. Conrad ousted the Welfs from their possessions, but after his death in 1152, his nephew Frederick I "Barbarossa" succeeded him and made peace with the Welfs, restoring his cousin Henry the Lion to his albeit diminished possessions. The Empire transformed into the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation. The CK3 Holy Roman Empire is a mad rush, plenty on CK3 Guides for this one! One of the most important parts of Czech history is the period of governance of Charles IV who was Bohemian king and the emperor of The Holy Roman Empire. [254] The Netherlands also had envoys in Regensburg. The obligation was only in effect if Vienna or the Empire were threatened. He avoided direct confrontations, which might lead to humiliation if the princes refused to give way. The two chanceries became combined in 1502. [148] To realize his resolve to reform and unify the legal system, the emperor frequently intervened personally in matters of local legal matters, overriding local charters and customs. During the Thirty Years' War, the Duke of Bavaria was given the right to vote as the eighth elector, and the Duke of Brunswick-Lneburg (colloquially, Hanover) was granted a ninth electorate; additionally, the Napoleonic Wars resulted in several electorates being reallocated, but these new electors never voted before the Empire's dissolution. Imaginary portrait of Charlemagne, painting (copy of an original by Albrecht Drer), c. 1600. . beginning with the coronation of Charlemagne in 800 ad. The dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire occurred de facto on 6 August 1806, when the last Holy Roman Emperor, Francis II of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, abdicated his title and released all imperial states and officials from their oaths and obligations to the empire.Since the Middle Ages, the Holy Roman Empire had been recognized by Western Europeans as the legitimate continuation of the . This development probably best symbolizes the emerging duality between emperor and realm (Kaiser und Reich), which were no longer considered identical. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. One last leader of the Holy Roman Empire is about to rise and lead Europe into this Earth's final war. Each circle had its own parliament, known as a Kreistag ("Circle Diet"), and one or more directors, who coordinated the affairs of the circle. The Holy Roman Empire was a multi-ethnic complex of territories in central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806. The most powerful lords of the later empire were the Austrian Habsburgs, who ruled 240,000km2 (93,000sqmi) of land within the Empire in the first half of the 17th century, mostly in modern-day Austria and Czechia. Upon Louis' death in 840, it passed to his son Lothair, who had been his co-ruler. This "modernized" form of government and the fact that the people were extremely accepting helped the Holy Roman Empire survive for over 1000 years. With these drastic changes, much discussion emerged in the 15th century about the Empire itself. The Holy Roman Empire finally began its true terminal decline during and after its . The Holy Roman Empire eventually came to be composed of four kingdoms. At later dates: Saxony, Bavaria, the Electoral Palatinate, and Hanover. The last emperor, Francis II, relinquished his crown in 1806. Nevertheless, it is believed the demographic disaster of the Thirty Years War meant that the population of the Empire in the early 17th century was similar to what it was in the early 18th century; by one estimate, the Empire didn't exceed 1618 levels of population until 1750. The Reichskammergericht and the Auclic Council were the two highest judicial instances in the Old Empire. The imperial estates comprised: A sum total of 1,500 Imperial estates has been reckoned. judy norton children; court ordered community service california Court practice heavily relied on traditional customs or rules described as customary. A new organ was introduced, the Reichskammergericht, that was to be largely independent from the Emperor. [177], While particularism prevented the centralization of the Empire, it gave rise to early developments of capitalism. Holy Roman Empire, German Heiliges Rmisches Reich, Realm of varying extent in medieval and modern western and central Europe.Traditionally believed to have been established by Charlemagne, who was crowned emperor by Pope Leo III in 800, the empire lasted until the renunciation of the imperial title by Francis II in 1806.The reign of the German Otto I (the Great; r. 962-973), who revived . The present red velvet cap on the inside of the crown dates from the 17th century. The octagonal imperial crown of the Holy Roman Empire was probably used right from the 10 th century down to 1806, when the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [42][43] On 6 August 1806, Emperor Francis II dissolved the empire following the creation of the Confederation of the Rhine by Emperor of the French Napoleon I the month before. [37] The imperial office was traditionally elective through the mostly German prince-electors. These practices declined before 1500, but they managed to spread to the maritime periphery in Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands and England, where they "provoked emulation in grander, oceanic scale". [272], In addition, all Protestant subjects of a Catholic ruler and vice versa were guaranteed the rights that they had enjoyed on that date. [247][248], The Imperial Diet (Reichstag) resided variously in Paderborn, Bad Lippspringe, Ingelheim am Rhein, Diedenhofen (now Thionville), Aachen, Worms, Forchheim, Trebur, Fritzlar, Ravenna, Quedlinburg, Dortmund, Verona, Minden, Mainz, Frankfurt am Main, Merseburg, Goslar, Wrzburg, Bamberg, Schwbisch Hall, Augsburg, Nuremberg, Quierzy-sur-Oise, Speyer, Gelnhausen, Erfurt, Eger (now Cheb), Esslingen, Lindau, Freiburg, Cologne, Konstanz and Trier before it was moved permanently to Regensburg. Frederick III's cousin and predecessor, Albert II of Germany (who was Sigismund's son-in-law and heir through his marriage with Elizabeth of Luxembourg) had managed to combine the crowns of Germany, Hungary, Bohemia and Croatia under his rule, but he died young. After the 13th century, the relevance of the Reichsgut faded, even though some parts of it did remain until the Empire's end in 1806. It was during this time that the Empire gained most of its institutions, which endured until its final demise in the nineteenth century. The empire was almost like a long bumpy road. Reference entries, overview essays, and primary source document excerpts survey the history and unveil the successes and failures of the longest-lasting European empire.The Holy Roman Empire endured for ten centuries. King Friedrich Wilhelm III had discovered that betraying the Russians and . A vast oval with a stunning faade resplendent with archways and ornamentation, Nimes Arena could seat up to 24,000 people in its 34 terraces. Maximilian and the Low Countries", "Erklrung Franz II. The eastward settlement expanded the influence of the empire to include Pomerania and Silesia, as did the intermarriage of the local, still mostly Slavic, rulers with German spouses. Henry was already casting his eyes beyond Africa and Greece, to Asia Minor and Syria and of course on Jerusalem." According to Peter H. Wilson, the female figure of Germania was reinvented by the emperor as the virtuous pacific Mother of Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. He also embroiled himself in another conflict with the Papacy by supporting a candidate elected by a minority against Pope Alexander III (115981). [214][215] Ever since he became King of the Romans in 1486, the Empire provided essential help for his activities in Burgundian Netherlands as well as dealings with Bohemia, Hungary and other eastern polities. Not all imperial territories were included within the imperial circles, even after 1512; the Lands of the Bohemian Crown were excluded, as were Switzerland, the imperial fiefs in northern Italy, the lands of the Imperial Knights, and certain other small territories like the Lordship of Jever. No law required him to be a Catholic, but as the majority of the Electors adhered to this faith, no Protestant was ever elected. Each of the affiliated cities retained the legal system of its sovereign and, with the exception of the Free imperial cities, had only a limited degree of political autonomy. taken from "Meyers Kleines Konversationslexikon in sechs Bnden. To mint coins and to exercise jurisdiction King Friedrich Wilhelm III had been his.! 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