When Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch discovered and developed what would later be called the germ theory in the 1860s, this was a radical, then revolutionary ideaone so good . Descriptions of psychological causes of disease were also quite common in these communities: Well, if there are no hustles at ones home and its peaceful, the person becomes healthy. In-depth understanding of disease causation aids in planning prevention and steps to tackle the disease in a population. Wiki User 2009-11-03 20:50:12 This answer is: Study guides Science 14. Even when a pathogen is the principal cause of a disease, environmental and hereditary factors often influence the severity of the disease, and whether a potential host individual becomes infected when exposed to the pathogen. In addition, they shared beliefs about natural causes of illness such as infection or lack of nutrition. Their growth and reproduction within their hosts can cause disease. 0 [Female, Study Community # 3]. In the mid-19th . The practice of epidemiology. Two analysts (MHK and another Amharic speaking team member, TS) immersed themselves in the data by reading and open coding the transcripts independently and developing preliminary codes. He worked as a Lecturer at St. Xaviers College, Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal, from Feb 2015 to June 2019. Bishaw M. Attitudes of modern and traditional medical practitioners toward cooperation. Disobeying elders causes ailment. Dime (1995:30-31) argues that the diagnosis of diseases in an African traditional healing system is a twofold event. It appears that you have an ad-blocker running. Social change theory was used in this paper. All seek to elucidate principles capable of explaining social inequalities in health, and all represent what I would term theories of disease distribution,24which presume but cannot be reduced to mechanism-oriented theories of disease causation. This . Galenhad written of the possibility of seeds of disease, a view which suggested a belief in the contagious nature of some diseases. Google Scholar. Itis a particular abnormal, pathological condition that affects part or all of an organism. If we see someone leave home at the wrong time, we say he is going to bring affliction [Male, Study Community # 4]. Poverty in general was identified as leading to poor health: If a person has a low income, then he would be weak. Issues identified with administration and bureaucratic frameworks dont fit well with indigenous ill-health beliefs. Ethiop J Health Dev. Ulin PR, Segall MH, editors. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science. The miasma theory was the predominant theory of disease transmission before the germ theory took hold towards the end of the 19th century, and it is no longer accepted as a scientific theory of disease. L. W. Feezer. Genetic counseling of the deaf. In Step 1, age was entered. It states thatmicroorganismsknown aspathogensor germs can lead to disease. In clinical medicine we are confronted by a patient P with certain complaints, and eventually a diagnosis is reached because the clinical findings suggest that P has a certain disease D.Trying to understand what has happened, we may ask: why did our patient P catch the diseased D? Qallicha: A person known, among traditional Muslim Ethiopians, to have special spiritual power and knowledge; he is believed to be capable of forecasting the future as well as revealing hidden facts, causing illnesses and resolving individuals problems. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. These are the things that make up its constitution and cause its pains and health. They speak Amharic, Ethiopias official language. Ann N Y Acad Sci. It is a commonly held view, both from the Nigerian literature and from anecdotal evidence, that life is . Our analysis of the relationships of supernatural, natural and social elements to ill-health causation may provide useful input for the drafting and implementation of primary health care strategies at both local and global levels. We would also like to acknowledge the University of Toronto for giving the first author an opportunity to obtain advanced training in qualitative data organization and analysis during a visit to Toronto, Canada. New York: Oxford University press; 2012. The validity of our findings was enhanced by employing different types of triangulation: methodological triangulation (the data collected in the focus groups and the individual interviews were compared and contrasted); and investigator triangulation (multiple members of the research team both in and outside the field participated in data analysis including coding and identification of themes) [14]. The emphasis on culture in our genetic counseling training recognizes its crucial role in molding an individual's conceptualization of health, as well as other life aspects, especially since the Filipino culture is a mixture of indigenous as well as imported and borrowed elements. Theory of illness causation is an important issue in all biomedical sciences, and solid etiological explanations are needed in order to develop therapeutic approaches in medicine and preventive interventions in public health. This dichotomy was a key sensitizing concept that guided the design of this study. CAS He disproved the theory of spontaneous generation. Correspondence to During the time of the study, the Woreda had 2 health centers and 17 health posts. Park, K. (n.d.). . While nationalistic disease theories explain disease in . Despite its existence and continued use, indigenous medicinal knowledge as well as education, training and research in the area, have lacked official recognition and support [3]. 67 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<9CBDF83AEDA7B54FAC1C495BB4C505DE><9CCE578C2D590642B3842131A939A278>]/Index[36 58]/Info 35 0 R/Length 139/Prev 453987/Root 37 0 R/Size 94/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream A.A. 2015. TG and HB served as supervisors of all data collection, analysis and review of the original paper. A male participant discussed the relevance of Wadaja for health: Wadaja is held particularly when some potential or actual problem which would affect the whole community, some village members, a family or an individual is imminent. Being healthy means alemelekef [not having a spell]. Careers. However, the germ theory of disease has many limitations. Cultural norms function to support the fluid operation of society, and cultural values guide people in making choices. Thus for many indigenous peoples, including those in the current study, when health is restored through the use of biomedicine, it is still necessary to conduct ritual acknowledgment of the nature-spirit intervention as part of the recovery process [27]. The study was approved by the Ethical Review Committee in the College of Health Sciences Addis Ababa University, with either in writing or verbally (for those who were illiterate) consent to participate in the study being obtained from all study participants. As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. In this framework, natural causes include beliefs that the impairment of health is a physiological consequence of some experience of the victim that is consistent with Western biomedicine. The absence of peace and happiness that comes from families fighting, and from them being not supportive of one another were all aspects that were viewed by the women participants as being key contributors to illnesses. 93 0 obj <>stream The focus groups included questions about the meaning of illnesses and health, as well as perceptions about the causes of illnesses and health (see Additional file 1 for the complete focus group guide). When we drink it, we contract worms, they twirl in the stomach and give our kids tik, tik [Stomach- ache, salivate and followed by vomiting,] [Male, Study Community # 5]. Disease is an objectively measurable pathological condition of the body. Yehya NA, Dutta MJ. THEORIES CONCERNING THE CAUSATION OF DISEASE. . Cultural beliefs on disease causation in the Philippines: challenge and implications in genetic counseling. He was able to use existing networks and contacts within the indigenous institutions, including traditional leaders and local health officials, thereby gaining access to a very wide cross-section of people. Data obtained from our study indicated that the role of social prohibitions and the consequences of their violation were a key factor causing health problems in Tehuledere. The results of this study were based on a sample of purposively selected participants who identified as individual from Tehuledere community. Too often, indigenous medicine is criticized as harmful traditions as if it was a threat to human health. By using this website, you agree to our In addition to supernatural and natural elements, the data presented here suggest that social causes of illnesses need to be added to fully explain the perceptions of the study participants. The emphasis on culture in our genetic counseling training recognizes its crucial role in molding an individual's conceptualization of health, as well as other life aspects, especially since the Filipino culture is a mixture of indigenous as well as imported and borrowed elements. The first authors (MHK) native status offered both opportunities and limitations for the study [19]. American journal of public health (New York, N.Y. : 1912),11(10), 908912. Various social, cultural, and religious norms produce and reinforce gender inequality and the stereotypical gender roles that underpin gender-based violence. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! If you dont tell the truth, you and your family will fall ill. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press; 1980. 1). Cultural Competence in the Care of Muslim Patients and Their Families. These two ideas were fully appreciated . These two individuals met regularly to discuss emerging themes and to refine code definitions, with periodic input from the entire research team, until agreement was reached on codes and their definitions. After their migration from the southern part of Ethiopia, before embracing Islam as their religion, the people of the Tehuledere region continued to make use of their indigenous Cushitic beliefs and practices [7]. In-depth understanding of disease causation aids in planning prevention and steps to tackle the disease in a population. 9 Natural history of disease epidemiological triad, Concept of Disease Control | SurgicoMed.com, 2. unit no iii dynamic of disease, Community Health Nursing, Concept of disease. Webs of Causation: Epidemiological concept. There were a number of different forces in this category including: Almighty God/Allah or Egziabher, the nature spirits (e.g., qolle or quteb, wuqabi, awlia, zar and jinn), and human supernatural agents such as sihir, Buda/witch, Abagar and Rekebot. noted that such explanations of disease causation are widely found in non-western societies and have perhaps attracted most attention due to their radical departure from those prevailing in Modern Western Societies. The discoveries of Pasteur and Koch confirmed the germ theory of disease. . This ethnographic study was grounded in participant observations made by the principal investigator (MHK) working as a volunteer heath extension worker in the study area for five months between June and November, 2013. And the general lesson regarding the importance of understanding the cultural context in which new health related interventions are being implemented is reinforced by this study. New York: The Free Press; 1994. 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