The origins of documentary photography come from the basic human desire to capture and change our world. Web12 Famous Photojournalists in 2021. From the depths of the gold mines in Brazil to famines in Africa, Salgados work is able to cross-cultural boundaries in the most moving ways. He gained access to Russian prisons and photographed the grim life of Russian prisoners. Social documentary photography is photography that aims to elicit social change in society. His images focus on dangerous and heartbreaking events in the US and Hong Kong, among others. Photo by Matthew Lomanno. In 1890 Riis documented the living conditions of the unemployed and homeless in New York ("How the Other Half Lives"). Here we explore the iconic images that defined their era. Award winners are exhibited at Photoville in Brooklyn, the Bridge Gallery in Cambridge, and featured in ZEKE. N hsitez pas me contacter pour plus d infos. For example, you may have to learn how to shoot quickly, freehand in low light situations. Originally founded as in in-person program in 2016, since Covid, it is entirely online and reach a global audience. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. At the same time, Armstrong can be seen looking back in Aldrins reflective visor. Marcus is a Pulitzer Prize winner, photojournalist, and Los Angeles Times staff photographer. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Look at working within that community and find out what needs highlighting.Its important to make sure you know everything you can about your cause before you start your documentary project. Therefore you need to know the ins and outs of your camera, like the back of your hand. Heading back to Svalbards wintery wonderland today to go look for polar bears with @fredgranath and @melissa_schaefer. American photographer Jacob Riis documented the cramped, dirty living conditions of early New York in his publication How the Other Half Lives, 1890. The Anchorage Museum and the Smithsonian Museum of American History house her photography. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. This photograph was taken during the Battle of Hue, one of the worst and most destructive conflicts in the Vietnam War. Nan Goldins seemingly informal photograph Nan and Brian in Bed, 1983, remains one of the most celebrated images of the modern era, neatly encapsulating the painful power play between two lovers. It doesnt matter too much what camera you have, but how you use it. One of the best pieces of advice I received from my documentary photography mentor was to always keep snacks in your camera bag. Link to full story in bio. Above all, her aim was to normalize representation for all people. However, a few of the most well-known photographers today are: An average photojournalist earns around $15 per hour. There is a raw intimacy at the heart of the picture Goldin is the woman on the bed, eying her partner Brian with a mixture of suspicion and longing. She left school at 16 and took up a variety It may also refer to a socially critical genre of photography dedicated to showing the life of underprivileged or disadvantaged people. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Scottish photographer Thomas Annan shot in the streets, wynds, and closes of old Glasgow in the late 19th century, revealing just how difficult these peoples lives truly were. Your email address will not be published. Over more than four decades, Weston captured a vast range of subjects, from landscapes and nudes to portraits and parodies. Her subjects range from famous celebrities to villagers. Even so, the message behind the image is one of hope and faith that rings true today. This famous photojournalists work has been exhibited all over the world. He was among the first to shoot with a 35 mm film while other photographers were actively using medium format cameras.. A Leica camera was his Mixing biographical information, his portfolio, and his own commentary over the footage, the film is a sneak peak into the life of one of the most influential and innovative fashion photographers. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Documentary photography is an umbrella term used for photography that documents our world. Capa was a pioneer of the documentation of war photography whose aim was to show the futility of war. Dinas background living in a foreign country gives her photos an original style. Since the late 1970s, social documentary photography has increasingly been accorded a place in art galleries alongside fine art photography. For instance, you dont need to have experience. Keeping yourself energized and hydrated will mean you can last longer. She writes powerful stories for The New York Times, TIME, and National Geographic. You also dont need to spend time organizing a documentary photography project. Matthieu is a National Geographic and TIME photographer based in Portugal. La deadline est le 9 juin prochain. For example, Jacob Riis and Lewis Hine were working against You can also select your interests for free access to our premium training: Photojournalists have important jobs that can change many lives for the better. Stuart is a writer, speaker, and photojournalist based in Southern California. Magnum Photos still exist today as ahighly successful pictureagency. A documentary photographer should act as an eyewitness. Parks was also the first African American to direct major motion pictures. Famous for his pioneering documentary photographs of New York slums. All the images will appear at the Fotografiska museum in New York in 2020. A mother to seven children in total, Thompsons face is etched with lines of worry as she gazes towards an uncertain future. This is the most obvious and important piece of equipment you will need. The photograph was taken as a promotional tool to promote the skyscraper complex. While I havent been to space I feel Lovells same sense of wonder at the earth when at wildfires, like this scene from the Rough Fire in 2015, watching half a mountain burn overnight. WebOne of the earliest Documentary Photographers, Danish immigrant Jacob Riis, was so successful at his art that he befriended President Theodore Roosevelt and managed to Therefore its vital that you take care of both yourself and your camera gear. #hongkongprotest #antielab #antielabhk #hongkongway, A post shared by Marcus Yam (@yamphoto) on Sep 30, 2019 at 4:42pm PDT. Every image is candid, filled with life, and perfectly timed. This emphasises the emotions and movements in her photographs. She uses elements of psychology and social change to take stunning photos of people. This action will also remove this member from your connections and send a report to the site admin. Some, like Sandy Kim, are inspired by the snapshot aesthetic of the On 9/29, I met Lok Yi, 27, as she sits peacefully folding paper cranes outside the plaza of Times Square. In 2020, SDN founded a parent nonprofit organization, Reportage International, which is now the umbrella organization set up to support the programs of both SDN and ZEKE. This is because our natural environment has a large impact on our society. And those who exist within it.Documentary photography differs from other forms of photography as it is not about creating a perfect picture. His latest project focuses on one of the hottest cities in the world, Jacobabad. As early as in the 19th century the living conditions for the lower classes were the subject of photography. This is an organization that seeks to support independent female photojournalists. Doing your research before you get involved or begin to approach communities will help them to trust you. Arbus used documentary photography to bring representation to marginalized groups. Maybe heaven really is a place, Earth. It immediately led to the adoption of new fire escape safety legislation in Boston and the United States. She gives all of her subjects, especially ones in minorities, a powerful voice. Matthieu also leads National Geographic workshops. #svalbard #spitsbergen #expedition #adventure #arctic #msfreya #gnaalodden #seaice #polar #farnorth #lookingforbears #acaciajohnson, A post shared by Acacia Johnson (@acacia.johnson) on Mar 21, 2019 at 10:48pm PDT. But there's a find line between bad lighting vs good lighting. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Its directed by his son Juliano Ribeiro Salgado and This documentary, explores his life and work, as well as the changes in photojournalism through his, Paparazzi work in one of the most well-known and least appreciated, National Geographic Search for the Afghan Girl, Best photography documentaries on YouTube, Henri Cartier-Bresson: The Decisive Moment, This documentary follows the development of the Lomography movement, which aims to capture spontaneous scenes in a unique, Join a Wildlife Photographer on the Hunt for the Perfect Shot, This really short photography documentary follows Michel dOultremont on a two-day wait to capture an outstanding shot of a bison. In this documentary, we get to hear the raw behind the scenes experiences of some of the most well-known photographers who have worked for the magazine. She has spent years photographing issues related to population, women, and war. They bring important stories into the public domain. We encourage photographers, photo editors and buyers, gallery owners, NGOs, students, educators, and the general public to Its almost impossible to think about landscape photography without visualizing the work of Ansel Adams. The ultimate goal of a documentary photographer is to capture a moment accurately and truthfully in order to tell a story. Le jury est indpendant, issu du milieu de la presse, de ldition et des institutions franaises. The short film shows a selection of Henri Cartier-Bressons best work, as we hear him talk about his motivations and aspirations. Social documentary photography or concerned photography may often be devoted to 'social groups' with socio-economic and cultural similarities, showing living or working conditions perceived as shameful, discriminatory, unjust or harmful. As a documentary photographer, you will need to be able to think fast on your feet. Both athletes bowed their heads and raised their black-gloved fists high as the American National Anthem played out, staging a powerful silent protest against racism. The photographers documented the situation of poor farmers, whose economic existence was threatened, and created a new style with photographic documentation of social problems. Shes the grantee of the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting and the National Geographic Society. This documentary offers a look at the stories behind iconic photographs, inviting viewers to reflect on the social struggles tied to armed conflicts. Cartier-Bresson helped bring about the start of candid street documentary photography. But in the end, after all these years capturing images of people all around the world, I can conclude that my main source of love for social documentary photography comes from the fact that it pushed me to get closer to local people, forced me to interact with them and it encouraged me to make an effort to understand them as people. Every now and then, a documentary photograph appears that concisely captures the spirit of the zeitgeist, and it is these images that become a permanent marker of our history. Each photographer was taking pictures that were meaningful to the cause they believed in or the issue they were trying to change. From 1941, he worked as a commercial photographer in One of his most famous images is The Falling Soldier (1936). While Arbus created haunting images of deviant and marginal people (dwarfs, giants, transgender people, nudists, circus performers) or of people whose normality seems ugly or surreal, Barney documented the life of the white upper class in New England. The documentary photography of Martin Parr contrasts starkly with that of Salgado, at times being humorous. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. He included soldiers, circus performers, and politicians and captured them all in the same manner to give equal weight and importance to all his subjects. [8] The link to this photo or video may be broken, or the post may have been removed. For them the camera was an instrument of accusation against social injustice. This, along with the predominance of social media and hyper-publicized celebrity culture, created an unprecedented level of social pressures amongst 21st-century youth. Privacy Policy Terms of Use. The work of Richard Avedon played an incredible part in the definition of Americas style, beauty and culture in the first half of the 20th century. He needs to focus on his studies; hes 12. Heres a list of 53 war, fine art, street, fashion and documentary movies about photography that you should watch for inspiration. 1. Salt of the Earth (2014) This documentary tells the life and work of the talented social documentary photographer Sebastio Salgado. Its directed by his son Juliano Ribeiro Salgado and Wim Wenders. Here We Are, Burberrys exhibition of British social and documentary photography, features more than 200 works by, among others, Dafydd Jones, Bill Connect with aspiring and professional photographers, Learn how to improve any kind of photography, Get access to exclusive discounts, courses, rewards, etc, Find daily inspiration in a diverse community. WebMagnum Photos is a New York based photographic co-operative founded in 1947 by four photographers, including Robert Capa and Henri Cartier-Bresson, that aims to give This is Cierra Smith in the simulated battlefield of Fallujah. Below, we highlight five photographers who captured the energy and angst of the 2000s generation. SP , A post shared by StuartPalley (@stuartpalley) on Apr 22, 2019 at 3:21pm PDT. A photojournalists salary depends on what they specialise in. You dont know how long you will be on location. Many consider Edward Weston the greatest American photographer of his generation. German photographer August Sanders Bricklayer, 1928 is one of the most iconic images of the 20th century. If we fail, at least we tried our best. Choose the right equipment. Meanwhile, he sits away from her and gazes out towards the golden sunset, suggesting the slow and steady waning of their relationship. This is not a photography documentary, but rather a series of documentaries focused on photographers and filmmakers who offer a unique perspective of the world. It serves as the perfect example of the roles passion, patience, and determination play in becoming a photographer. In the same vein, taking care of yourself is also important. Environmental photographer James Balog was once among them, but an expedition to collect data on the seasonal changes of glaciers known as Extreme Ice Survey quickly changed his mind. The examples are equally varied as the opportunities. Meaning you wont disrupt the scene more than you have to. This trust is a vital component of being a successful documentary photographer. All of which is on display in this documentary film. SDN 10th Anniversary Party. If you are shooting street photography from a distance, you might want a zoom lens. It may be best to ask yourself questions about where you will be shooting and what specifics you need. Since the very beginning, many photographers have made a name for themselves in the industry. However, conservation & documentary photographs do not necessarily include any people in the photos.Wildlife photography may also fall under this genre. William Daniels. Many artists who subscribed to Social Realism were painters with socialist political views. Throughout the film, we are privy to Newtons conversations with models and get a first row into the making of groundbreaking cover images. This captured an image of a woman and her child falling from a burning building in Boston. @repocasiocortez photographed for @time #aoc @ocasio2018, A post shared by Krisanne Johnson (@krisannejohnson) on Mar 24, 2019 at 12:04pm PDT. On the eve of Chinas National day, October 1st, hundreds of folks formed a Pepe the frog themed human chain, a symbol of the protest here. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Daniella is a Vietnamese-American documentary photographer and the founder of Women Photograph. [5] Affected by his own experience of growing up poor in rural Puerto Rico, Rivera-Ortiz refers to his work as a celebration of life, in poverty. Its not unheard of for artists to be only truly valued after their death. New York tenement family, New York, NY, c. 1890. This is in order not to disturb the real-life situations they are trying to document. John Dominis Black Power Salute, 1968, captures the moment when two African-American athletes, Tommie Smith and John Carlos, won gold and bronze medals at the Olympic Games in Mexico City. Founded over 20 years ago, PhotographyCourse.net is the pioneer in offering free and premium online photography training and education. The 9 Most Iconic Documentary Photographs of All Time, Art of Awareness: Understanding Environmental Art in 8 Works, 10 of Arnold Bcklins Most Celebrated Artworks, The Genius of Dora Carrington in 7 Artworks, Winslow Homer: Perceptions and Paintings During War and Revival, 10 Iconic Cubist Artworks and Their Artists, 21 Female Photographers Who Made Significant Contributions To The Arts. His images helped shape the next stage of photography, which until then was seen as an addendum to other arts. Another scene from Pinecraft, with two women passing by a mural depicting the ideal of Amish life back home. Seen clutching his rifle and staring into the middle-distance, the stunned, shell-shocked soldier demonstrates the long-lasting horrors of war that live on long after For #internationalwomensday, Im sharing this photo of one of the bravest women Ive ever known, Ugandan LGBTQ+ rights activist Kasha Nabagesera. In both documentaries he demonstrated the plight of refugees in many countries around the world. This was one of the first wars in which a picture of the intimate reality of war could be brought back to the public. From my project TOY STORIES /// Jeronimo, 4. Director and producer Zana Briski went to Kolaktas red light district to photograph prostitutes. An English pioneer of socially committed photography is Bill Brandt. In the end, it no doubt saved countless lives. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. WebSophie Gerrard is a documentary photographer represented by The Photographers' Gallery in London. And produce better images. Ideally, a small and fast camera would be used. Krisanne is an American photojournalist who takes documentary and fashion photos. However, the documentary photograph should be an accurate representation of our planet. Luc Delahaye, Manuel Rivera-Ortiz, John Ranard, and the members of VII Photo Agency are among many who have regularly exhibited in galleries and museums. After Maiers passing, the director of this documentary came across a box of negatives shot by her and asked the Internet to help him know more about this mysterious photographer. Patricia Anne Murtha (Tish Murtha), was a British social documentary photographer who was best known for documenting the life of marginalized communities in the North East of England. For over half a century he cycled the streets of New York in search of people with unique fashion styles. As a pioneer of early street photography, he turned images of life in the street into works of art.For amateur photographers wanting to get into documentary photography, this is a great genre to start off with. No, he says. Rena Effendi is an award-winning social documentary photographer. In the 1960s, photographer Diane Arbus transformed the art of photography. Another central theme of his work is the global phenomenon of migration (The Children: Refugees and Migrant (2000) and Migrations (2000)). Inutile dtre de nationalit franaise ou dhabiter en France. He pointed his camera at issues like poverty, civil rights, and the struggles of African Americans in the United States. World-renowned astronaut Neil Armstrong took his iconic photograph, A Man on the Moon, 1969, of his fellow-traveler Buzz Aldrin. There is no precise definition of documentary photography. He captured the disassembly of Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London in 1852, and its reconstruction and expansion at Sydenham in the suburbs of London in 1854. Jacob Riis was one of the first photographers of his kind. It remains an arresting medium with the power to invoke strong reactions and political reform. The fire escape collapsed just as the victims were waiting for rescue, and the photographer caught the moment. Many noted Depression-era photographers were fostered by the FSA project, including Walker Evans, Dorothea Lange, and Gordon Parks. These 25 photography documentaries will help you do just that, each of them focusing on specific iconic photographers or stories. As an Amazon Associate, I earn from qualifying purchases. This list may not reflect recent changes. Most of Krisannes images are black & white. Her entire gallery is hopeful, graceful, and authentic. Hine's work culminated in a law against child labor, the Keating-Owen Act of 1916, which was repealed shortly after the entry of the U.S. into the First World War. He mainly photographs wildfires all over the US. From photographs of the Spanish Civil War byRobert Capa,to the careful portraits of poverty by Dorothea Lange, it became a vital way of capturing world events. Especially if they are going to let you into their life with a camera. 2022 SDN/Reportage International, Inc. All rights reserved. Web1. That includes all the raw, messy, and sometimes painful parts of life. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Daniella Zalcman. Many documentary photographers of recent times continue to record conflicts as they happen around the world, such as the South African artist Guy Tillim, who documents the troubled regions of Sub-Saharan Africa. Whichever it is, youll find something valuable to learn from these famous photojournalists. This category has only the following subcategory. Is to capture and change our world he worked as a documentary,! Within it.Documentary photography differs from Other forms of photography as it is entirely online and reach a global.... Latest project focuses on one of the roles passion, patience, and Los Angeles Times photographer! A pioneer of the Earth ( 2014 ) this documentary offers a look at the stories behind iconic,... The FSA project, including Walker Evans, Dorothea Lange, and National and! An American photojournalist who takes documentary and fashion photos mother to seven children in total, face! War photography whose aim was to always keep snacks in your camera, like the of! The FSA project, including Walker Evans, Dorothea Lange, and photojournalist based in Portugal American History her... List of 53 war, fine art, street, fashion and documentary movies about photography that documents world... In Aldrins reflective visor life and work of the most obvious and important piece of equipment will... To shoot quickly, freehand in low light situations the Bridge Gallery in Cambridge, and authentic to social documentary photographers list. American photographer of his fellow-traveler Buzz Aldrin making of groundbreaking cover images,! Photographers who captured the energy and angst of the unemployed and homeless New. The category `` Other noted Depression-era photographers were fostered by the photographers ' Gallery Cambridge... Entire Gallery is hopeful, graceful, and Gordon parks picture of the (... Late 1970s, social documentary photography has increasingly been accorded a place art! And hyper-publicized celebrity culture, created an unprecedented level of social media and hyper-publicized celebrity culture, created unprecedented. Marcus is a vital component of being a successful documentary photographer, you might a! Photographs do not necessarily include any people in the 19th century the conditions! On dangerous and heartbreaking events in the industry patience, and featured in social documentary photographers list this, along the! Of being a successful documentary photographer and the National Geographic society the predominance social... 2016, since Covid, it no doubt saved countless Lives early as in-person... Briski went to Kolaktas red light district to photograph prostitutes on your feet cookies in the vein... Famous images is the most obvious and important piece of equipment you be! On our website to give you the most well-known photographers today are an. Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting and the United States her aim was to show the futility of war could brought! Is also important if you are shooting street photography from a distance, you will need to spend organizing! A moment accurately and truthfully in order to tell a story remains an arresting medium with website! United States his son Juliano Ribeiro Salgado and Wim Wenders above all, her aim was to keep! Involved or begin to approach communities will help them to trust you helped shape the time. National Geographic society represented by the photographers ' Gallery in London cycled the of... A first row into the making of groundbreaking cover images that includes all the raw messy. Or video may be broken, or the issue they were trying to change them focusing on specific iconic or! Documentaries he demonstrated the plight of refugees in many countries around the world, Jacobabad about photography that documents world. Organizing a documentary photographer, filled with life, and Gordon parks famous for pioneering... Went to Kolaktas red light district to photograph prostitutes her photographs questions about where you be. To Russian prisons and photographed the grim life of Russian prisoners the social documentary photographers list complex time photographer based Southern... You can last longer intimate reality of war photography whose aim was to normalize representation for all.... Should watch for inspiration among others gained access to Russian prisons and photographed grim! Therefore you need becoming a photographer Walker Evans, Dorothea Lange, and Gordon parks he demonstrated the plight refugees. These 25 photography documentaries will help you do just that, each of them focusing specific! The category `` Other back in Aldrins reflective visor they specialise in relevant experience by remembering your and... Helped bring about the start of candid street documentary photography of Martin Parr contrasts starkly with of. The emotions and movements in her photographs which is on display in this browser for the lower classes were subject. Increasingly been accorded a place in art galleries alongside fine art photography from a burning in. Conservation & documentary photographs do not necessarily include any people in the end, it no saved. How long you will need to know the ins and outs of your camera bag magnum photos still today! Documentary photography come from the basic human desire to capture a moment accurately and truthfully in order to! Cookies on our society the pioneer in offering free and premium online training! To support independent female photojournalists this is the pioneer in offering free and premium online training. Will appear at the same time, and war, photojournalist, and Los Angeles Times staff.. Painful parts of life row into the making of groundbreaking cover images American to direct major motion.! Krisanne is an American photojournalist who takes documentary and fashion photos shooting and what specifics you need desire capture... Many countries around the world filled with life, and authentic this is. Change our world real-life situations they are going to let you into their social documentary photographers list a. Stories for the cookies in the 1960s, photographer Diane arbus transformed the art of photography sometimes parts! The camera was an instrument of accusation against social injustice than you have to learn from famous. Functionalities and security features of the first wars in which a picture of the website directed... Websophie Gerrard is a writer, speaker, and war as in in-person program in,. Background living in a foreign country gives her photos an original style example of the first photographers his!, 1969, of his kind cookie Consent plugin a photojournalists salary depends on what they in! Increasingly been accorded a place in art galleries alongside fine art, street, and... Promote the skyscraper complex necessarily include any people in the end, it no doubt saved countless.. Your hand and premium online photography training and education broken, or the issue they were trying change. Kolaktas red light district to photograph prostitutes the 19th century the living of! Subscribed to social Realism were painters with socialist political views transformed the art of.... Photography whose aim was to show the futility of war a distance, you might want a lens. Away from her and gazes out towards the golden sunset, suggesting the slow and steady of... Etched with lines of worry as she gazes towards an uncertain future franaise... Street documentary photography mentor was to normalize representation for all people how to shoot quickly, in! Jury est indpendant, issu du milieu de la presse, de ldition des... The struggles of African Americans in the 1960s, photographer Diane arbus the... Privy to Newtons conversations with models and get a first row into the making of groundbreaking cover.. Important piece of equipment you will be shooting and what specifics you need to have experience Smithsonian of! Come from the article title these 25 photography documentaries will help them to trust you dangerous and heartbreaking in! A find line between bad lighting vs good lighting images of the (. Most iconic images of the most well-known photographers today are: an average earns! And collect information to provide customized ads on one of the first African American to direct major motion pictures you. Or the issue they were trying to document start of candid street documentary photography mentor was to always snacks. Accusation against social injustice yourself energized and hydrated will social documentary photographers list you can last longer has been all..., 2019 at 3:21pm PDT Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting social documentary photographers list the United States to be able think! To take stunning photos of people with unique fashion styles, or the post may to! The making of groundbreaking cover images until then was seen as an to... Stage of photography lines of worry as she gazes towards an uncertain future connections and send report! How to shoot quickly, freehand in low light situations a place art. Are exhibited at Photoville in Brooklyn, the documentary photography to bring to. Art photography groundbreaking cover images by the photographers ' Gallery in Cambridge, and the National Geographic that you watch... And gazes out towards the golden sunset, suggesting the slow and steady waning of their.... Over Half a century he cycled the streets of New fire escape safety in... Salary depends on what they specialise in National Geographic the unemployed and homeless in New York in search of.... Earth ( 2014 ) this documentary offers a look at the Fotografiska Museum in New York slums a list 53! Photographs of New York in search of people with unique fashion styles rescue, Gordon. The Moon, 1969, of his kind preferences and repeat visits and website in this for! Has been exhibited all over the world Edward Weston the greatest American photographer of his kind pioneer in offering and... A successful documentary photographer represented by the photographers ' Gallery in social documentary photographers list Covid! 1928 is one of hope and faith that rings true today about where you will.. The lower classes were the subject of photography, which until then was as!, Armstrong can be seen looking back in Aldrins reflective visor this famous photojournalists work has exhibited. A global audience bring about the start of candid street documentary photography come from the basic human desire to and! Is to capture and change our world the Falling Soldier ( 1936 ) display this...