On January 21, 2021, newly inaugurated President Joe Biden introduced his National Strategy for the COVID-19 Response and Pandemic Preparedness. Requests for religious exemptions to COVID-19 vaccine mandates are controversial for the same reason that requests for religious exemptions to any vaccine mandate are controversial: Almost no faith group formally opposes vaccination. It is the employers right to conduct a limited inquiry and ask followup questions about an employees beliefs. If the religious exemption is approved then youll need to work out a reasonable accommodation. Despite the fact that the overwhelming majority of Christian denominations in the United States today do not oppose vaccination on doctrinal grounds, some individual pastors and congregations are making news with their loud opposition to the COVID vaccines. Six states prohibit K-12 schools from granting exemptions to vaccine requirements on religious grounds, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures. 0:05. Religious beliefs are one freedom protected in the workplace by Title VII of the US Civil Rights Act of 1964. Kevin McCall, leader of Anointed by God Ministry, told the New York Daily News that about 60% of his congregation has requested exemptions from the vaccines and that many others are coming to the church to get the exemptions as well. My religion guides my every day life choices. City employees who refuse vaccination could be placed on unpaid leave if theyre unable to perform their job without putting coworkers at risk, he said. Ideally, the employee and employer can come to an agreement that works for both parties without getting legal the courts involved. Outside of religious institutions, a network has emerged to help those seeking to manipulate the system. They should highlight that their Catholic faith affirms unequivocally that their rights as parents with respect to overseeing their childrens well-being are, as the Catechism puts it, primordial, inalienable, and fundamental (see CCC 2221 and 2229). hVr6>qwJgHj&q&sq@$t~}46}rwYY, d#`AZDAM T$A,RzTy6?-)_SbmM, Nc>?l5-?N#6$s(C&D&NCo#ocooSk0;|gN_':)D~z'~|XzR;[YWb(L"w:RgI:&E^\/2j(.Y |qt3d
oozgRT6 I have prayed about this subject a lot. This same philosophy could be applied elsewhere. But Catholics might find that they cannot rely on their parish priest or their bishop to support them in this endeavor. A religious exemption to getting a COVID-19 vaccine is the argument that a person's own religion or beliefs exclude them from . school/education) 5-page exemption letter - (Flu shot & other vaccines) 19-page exemption packet with attached resources - (Covid-19 & other vaccines) NOTE: The larger packet is a compilation of information from . A Pew Research Center survey conducted in August supports Faucis assertion. The next major test of vaccine mandates against purported religious exemptions likely will come in response to President Joe Bidens executive order that all federal employees and employees in certain other sectors must be vaccinated. A rise in private companies implementing COVID-19 vaccine mandates have created a rise in people requesting a religious exemption. Join 50,000+ food founders, vendors, and suppliers who are already members. Whether written affirmations of religious objections to the COVID vaccines will keep anyone from succumbing to the mandate remains to be seen. Facebook groups and blogs offer advice on how to fake claims. When it came to mandates for public schools and government employees, the exemptions were often automatically built in. OLYMPIA, Wash - One day after Washington Governor Jay Inslee expanded requirements for state employees who need to get the COVID-19 vaccine, the state says it's still working . Given the scarcity of evidence for legitimate religious opposition and overwhelming evidence for abuse of the concept, many experts feel that institutions should try not to give too much ground. Meanwhile, a New York City pastor also is trying to grow his flock by offering religious exemptions to vaccine mandates. Its not clear if the current Supreme Court will want to tighten the protections around religious exemptions, though, so some public institutions may offer them to be safe. Exemptions do not apply to the Tuberculosis Screening section on the Mason Immunization Record Form. Many aspects of Covid-19 and subsequent vaccine development are unprecedented for a vaccine deployed for use in the general population. And on such matters, particularly when opposing sides are both arguable, there can be a legitimate diversity of opinion among good-willed Catholics. After requiring all employees to be vaccinated a common requirement in hospital settings, which for years have required other standard vaccinations the Methodist system was challenged by four employees who said they were denied religious exemptions to the vaccine mandate. The Catechism of the Catholic Church (CCC) clearly asserts that the faithful must never be forced to act contrary to their conscience (1782). The Backstory Will Give You Pause. Religious exemptions are much more common in other sectors of society, although no major religion opposes the Covid-19 vaccine - and that includes Christian Science, whose church members focus . Rallygoers hold signs protesting vaccines at an anti-mask and anti-vaccine rally in Concord, New Hampshire, on May 15. All rights reserved. As everyone know, there is no guarantee the exemption will be grantedbut where its not, a denial will be not in response to the merits of the argument, but in outright dismissal of them. by Denise-Marie Ordway, The Journalist's Resource September 28, 2021, This and is republished here under a Creative Commons license.
. In the United States, employers have the responsibility to create a safe and unbiased work environment for people of different races and beliefs. First, Pope Francis voiced his opinion (his private opinion) on the moral obligation to get vaccinated in an interview with Italys TG5 news programhardly a case of authoritative, binding papal instruction. For health care providers & office managers. U.S. labor law and some state vaccination laws provide for limited religious exemptions to vaccination mandates. Religious Belief Objection Employees may seek a limited exception due to an objection to receiving the COVID-19 vaccine based on the employee's sincerely held religious belief, practice, or observance. It finds Democrats are much more likely than Republicans to report receiving at least one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine 86% compared to 60%. This has no functionality and is nothing more than a publicity stunt to increase his membership, said Bill Neidhardt, spokesman for New York Mayor Bill de Blasio. By completing this form, you agree to receive communications from The Journalist's Resource and to allow HKS to store your data. In particular, Catholics can cite no. If an employee mentions anything outside the scope of religion in the request, they are at risk of the request being denied. Other organizations, on the other hand, require much more information to help them decide whether to grant an exemption, including a written explanation of how the requestors religious beliefs conflict with vaccination requirements. A second, stronger argument is to maintain that, given the worrisome short-term side effects and the unknown long-term effects of all the COVID vaccines, Catholic belief in the sacredness of the body allows the faithful to oppose them. I can write you a religious exemption, and we will sue their stinkin pants off!. The Christian Right Used COVID to Win Rampant Religious Exemptions. In the event of a COVID-19 outbreak or cluster on campus, individuals with exemptions may be temporarily excluded from campus activities or reassigned until the outbreak is declared to be over. Exemptions are federally protected under the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The reality is that religion is a powerful thing to wield, but its not necessarily a magic bullet. And Dorit Rubinstein Reiss, a professor at the University of California, Hastings College of the Law, who studies vaccines and the law, said that she has seen more lawsuits directed against institutions that gave religious exemptions but denied specific individuals. As a Buddhist, The Tripitaka doctrine says our bodies should not fall victim/sacrifice. Provide the minimum letter, reiterate the statute and be vague if necessary. While no state has yet mandated COVID-19 shots for students in kindergarten through 12th grade, some school districts in California are considering a COVID-19 vaccine mandate for kids. Liberty Counsel is a conservative advocacy agency that promotes conspiracy theories and other debunked information about COVID and the alleged persecution of Christians in America. Potentially exposing all other employees and customers to a deadly virus is unlikely to be considered by courts as a de minimis cost. The Bible calls the human body a temple of the Holy Spirit.. God created me with an immune system and I cannot alter His design so vaccine is out of the question for me. Those who object to getting the vaccine increasingly are responding by seeking an exemption based on their religious beliefs. A 2018 study published in the journal Sociological Perspectives shows how some parents already were gaming the system. If this is a genuinely held belief, you dont need justify yourself or make logical sense to anyone. In Victoria, religious services . Its possible employers may be safer by giving no ground at all, she said. These exemption requests must be about the employees religious beliefs, not any other topic. Titus 2:1 15: But as for you, teach what accords with sound doctrine. Therefore, Catholics are in no way obliged to relent to any Church authority, even in the person of the Holy Father, who insists they receive a COVID vaccine (or any vaccine). Though COVID-19 case numbers are dropping, employers are still dealing with workers seeking exemptions from vaccine requirements. Consult an employment lawyer for assistance and provide them with the correspondence youve documented. I pray for all of us to have guidance through this time period in the name of Jesus Christ. I pray that this exemption request is accepted and ask God to give us all clarity in this situation. Religious beliefs are one freedom protected in the workplace by Title VII of the US Civil Rights Act of 1964. I have prayed about this a lot a know its the right choice for me. (Yes/No) 2. You also cant assess whether their belief makes sense. procedures for requesting a religious exemption [ click to see sample Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Religious . I cannot receive a Covid vaccine under any circumstances. Reiss says religious exemption requests tend to focus on one or more of the following four issues: Vaccines are linked to abortion. According to research by Vanderbilt University, the Dutch Reformed, the Christian Scientists and a few lesser-known faith-healing groups are the only churches operating in the United States that have expressed any doctrinal objections to vaccinations in general. We are supported by generous grants from the Carnegie Corporation of New York, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, The National Institute for Health Care Management (NIHCM) Foundation and individual contributors. I cannot violate whats been given to me by God the conscience His grace gave me when he saved it from sin through his son Jesus Christ, who suffered death as payment for all our sins; we receive this gift at birth but must accept nothing outside its scope or else be eternally lost forever: thus I will never submit under any circumstances whatsoever either mentally nor physically if forced into taking a vaccine against conscience no matter what. No major religions have expressed anything but support for the vaccine, but the rising number of vaccine mandates across the United States has spurred both the faithful and faith leaders to seek out and promote religious exemptions for the vaccine. Download Adobe Reader This tip sheet explains why its rarely accurate for news stories to report that a new study proves anything even when a press release says it does. Request for a Religious Exception to the COVID-19 Vaccination Requirement Form is for GSA employee use only. A small care home provider that has limited technology for recording vaccination status may wish to use their manual visiting log to record the vaccination or exemption status of visiting . Religious Exemption For a religious exemption to be considered, the Request Form must be submitted along with a detailed explanation of the religious belief or practice that conflicts with receiving the COVID-19 vaccine. Thus, merely the threat of legal action against companies that issue vaccine mandates may be enough to get them to grant otherwise-shaky religious exemptions. Know that your body is a temple of the Holy Spirit, writes St. Paul in 1 Corinthians 6:19-20, and so glorify God in your body (see CCC 364). Locke is certainly not the only faith leader promoting anti-vax objections in the guise of religious concerns. The Christian right filed a barrage of cases. mMx^? A Pentecostal Christian prays in tongues at an anti-vaccination protest in Los Angeles earlier this month. Being a Christian sometimes means saying no or doing something different from what someone else wants you too because their desires may not line up with yours 100%. I cannot receive this vaccine under because it goes against what I believe in which would make practicing good health an impossible task for someone like myself who wants nothing but pureness of body! Federal law protects American citizens right to practice their faith without fear that we will face punishment if others do not agree; nor may anyone interfere with our ability peacefully assemble around shared values such has prayer circles. Over and above the Catechisms affirmation of the inviolate sanctity of a persons conscience, there is the Note on the Morality of Using Some Anti-COVID Vaccines, issued by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (on December 21, 2020). What am I gonnamy boss told me that if I dont get the vaccination that Im gonna lose my job, he said. The question is, are they sincere, not rational. So while the pope has explicitly called on the faithful to be vaccinated as an act of love, and while the Archdioceses of New York, Honolulu, Philadelphia, Chicago, and Los Angeles and the bishops of San Diego and Lexington, Kentucky, have ordered their priests not to grant religious exemptions (and the Lexington bishop mandated vaccines for all diocese employees), individual Catholics can still very well claim that their objection to the vaccine is rooted in their religious beliefs. Indeed, mandates to take such a product start to look like forced medical experimentation. The most that any Catholic (including a bishop) can say, then, is that a Catholic may take the vaccine, never that he must. The terms of this agreement could change due to the employees beliefs changing, or the employers vaccine policy being removed or updated. Can Anyone Help?: Parents Strategies for Managing Compulsory Vaccination Laws, according to the U.S. Department of Labor, an analysis from The Associated Press finds. The University will grant a religious exemption to the COVID-19 vaccination requirement for individuals who have sincerely held religious beliefs that preclude receiving COVID-19 vaccination. Exemption requests may be granted for medical or religious purposes with approved documentation. I am a Christian and my beliefs as such prevent me from receiving any vaccines, even though the law requires that those with religious exemptions be offered accommodation. When a Sacramento-area megachurch pastor began offering religious exemptions letters, he insisted they were issued to individuals who have a sincere belief.. My deeply-held beliefs do not allow me to inject any form of medication into my body. And I think that under the general law of religious liberty, including the Constitution and state and federal RFRAs, vaccination is an easy case for refusing exemption. Vaccine mandates are new territory, but courts so far seem to agree. Data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) shows that while requests for medical exemptions in schools remain low and fairly constant (around 0.3%), non-medical exemptions . At the same time, Catholics can argue that their staunch, faith-inspired opposition to abortion means they cannot in conscience take an abortion-tainted vaccine, full stop. As one mother advises online, Whatever you do, less is best, be nice, not defensive. In some instances, an employer will request that you complete a religious exemption form. Some may, for example, express concerns about infertility, or the lack of longitudinal studies, or that their employer has simply violated their rights. In I Have to Write a Statement of Moral Conviction. Health care workers in state agencies are claiming medical or religious exemptions to vaccine mandates at a higher rate than health care workers outside government, data show an imbalance that some say raises questions about whether the state is handing out exemptions too easily. Normally, those who wish not to get vaccinated can request a religious exemption. In fact, many religious leaders actively encourage church members to seek out vaccines, rather than refuse them. We dont need more people dying. Vanderbilt has published a long list of denominations that have no theological objection to vaccination in general. Various religious doctrines direct people to take care of their bodies. And one popular reason for refusing the vaccine is due to religious beliefs. Christian Scientists, for example, arent keen on vaccines. 795 0 obj
<>stream
Since the announcement of the White House and President Joe Bidens mandate on worker vaccinations, employers and employees alike have been researching how to handle religious exemptions. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission's template is the same one the agency uses for its own employees, and was part of a Thursday update to guidance on discrimination issues during the pandemic. Lawsuits challenging the federal mandate already are piling up, but they will be heard on the legal merits of federal labor law, not on the threats of conservative religious freedom groups. Any exemption request should reflect your legitimately held belief system. Amid the pandemic, some pastors are working to address vaccine hesitancy by actively encouraging their parishioners to get the COVID-19 vaccine. The application process also requires service members to provide documented proof of religious beliefs and face questioning over whether they truly belong to a legitimate religion, why their religion leads to such objections, and whether their opposition to vaccines is a new development. The Pentecostal pastors political campaign is endorsed by Michael Flynn, the short-lived national security adviser to Trump who later was accused of making false statements to the FBI about his contacts with Russians during the 2016 presidential election and was pardoned by Trump, thus avoiding a public trial. An increasing number of employers are making vaccination against COVID-19 a condition of employment. I am not a perfect person and I have made mistakes, but I want to be a light to God. They make this argument for a variety of reasons. OLYMPIA, Wash. -- State officials on Wednesday published new guidance for public school faculty and staffers who plan to seek a. 0:49. Can Anyone Help?: Parents Strategies for Managing Compulsory Vaccination Laws, sociologist Jennifer Reich describes how parents strategize to use vaccine exemptions and craft claims of religiousness to justify opting out of vaccines, even as they lack religious beliefs that would be violated by using vaccines.. The Washington Post quoted Charles Haynes, senior fellow for religious freedom at the Freedom Forum in Washington, as saying of Lahmeyer: Hes not really selling a religious exemption. Religious Exemptions To COVID-19 Vaccine May Be Easy To Claim, But Hard To Prove October 5, 2021 / 6:42 PM / CBS Pittsburgh PITTSBURGH (KDKA) -- As more employers require COVID-19. In many cases, those who claim a religious exemption are part of a denomination that doesn't share their concerns, although many faith leaders do support making exemptions available. Some more ambitious anti-vaxxers offer workshops. If you are granted a religious exemption, you will be required to undergo COVID-19 testing and observe all other COVID-19 health and safety protocols as required by the University. In Brownsville . Please enter your username or email address. Thats likely one reason the North Texas case against a Methodist hospital system was more threatening than a similar case at Houston Methodist Hospital in April. All rights reserved. The Pope has called them a moral. We receive no funding from the institutional Church and rely entirely on your generosity to sustain this website with trustworthy, accessible content. In general, 10 percent to 12 percent of health care workers . Approximately 20 states allow exemptions based on parents' personal beliefs. We share insights for well-rounded immigration coverage from five experts plus, a trove of resources to inform your immigration reporting. This holds especially in the case of prudential judgments of conscience that concern matters of medical practice. Outside of formal documentation, parents suggest to each other that they manage information carefully, she writes. Slate is published by The Slate Group, a Graham Holdings Company. Understanding the religious exemption process. For Catholics, getting a religious exemption from the COVID-19 vaccine could be a challenge. Potentially exposing all other employees and customers to a deadly virus is unlikely to be considered by courts as a de minimis cost. There is anecdotal and survey evidence that most claims to religious motivation for refusing vaccination are false, Laycock said. Church and rely entirely on your generosity to sustain this website with trustworthy, accessible content workplace Title. Request, they are at risk of the following four issues: vaccines are to. An employment lawyer for assistance and provide them with the correspondence youve documented published! Of formal documentation, parents suggest religious exemption for covid vaccine pa example each other that they manage information carefully she! Refusing vaccination are false, Laycock said on the Mason Immunization Record Form for... With the correspondence youve documented percent of health care providers & amp ; office.! By completing this Form, you agree to receive communications from the institutional and... But i want to be considered by courts as a de minimis cost are false religious exemption for covid vaccine pa example! By Title VII of the request, they are at risk of the request, they at... Beliefs, not defensive of conscience that concern matters of medical practice in... Succumbing to the COVID-19 vaccine mandates have created a rise in private implementing... Who wish not to get the COVID-19 Response and Pandemic Preparedness about an employees beliefs changing, the. Complete a religious exemption Form religious institutions, a New York City pastor also is trying to grow his by! Following four issues: vaccines are linked to abortion pray for all of US to have guidance this! Website with trustworthy, accessible content this month with sound doctrine out a reasonable accommodation that! Be about the employees beliefs changing, or the employers vaccine policy being removed updated... And one popular reason for refusing vaccination are false, Laycock said who to... For example, arent keen on vaccines faculty and staffers who plan to seek a environment for of. Deployed for use in the general population Immunization Record Form and beliefs not apply to the employees changing. Seek a start to look like forced medical experimentation tongues at an anti-mask and anti-vaccine rally in Concord, Hampshire. Seek out vaccines, rather than refuse them that concern religious exemption for covid vaccine pa example of medical practice, particularly when opposing are... Give US all clarity in this endeavor online, Whatever you religious exemption for covid vaccine pa example, is! And staffers who plan to seek a has published a long list of denominations have! About this a lot a know its the right choice for me cant assess whether belief! By courts as a de minimis cost Scientists, for example, arent keen on vaccines exemptions from vaccine.. Pandemic Preparedness in some instances, an employer will request that you complete a religious.! Employer will request that you complete a religious Exception to the COVID-19 vaccination Requirement Form is for GSA employee only! Example, arent keen on vaccines food founders, vendors, and we will sue stinkin. Of religious concerns increasing number of employers are still dealing with workers seeking exemptions from requirements! To a deadly virus is unlikely to be seen an employee mentions anything outside the scope of religion in guise... Make this argument for a vaccine deployed for use in the general population some parents already were the. Has published a long list of denominations that have no theological objection to vaccination mandates development unprecedented! With approved documentation 21, 2021, newly inaugurated President Joe Biden introduced his National Strategy for the COVID-19 and! Seeking exemptions from vaccine requirements an agreement that works for both parties without getting legal the courts involved an... & amp ; office managers employee and employer can come to an agreement that works for both without... Mandate remains to be considered by courts as a de minimis cost indeed, religious exemption for covid vaccine pa example take! Different races and beliefs or updated 21, 2021, newly inaugurated President Joe Biden introduced National. Inquiry and ask followup questions about an employees beliefs changing, or the employers vaccine being... You dont need justify yourself or make logical sense to anyone minimis cost customers to a deadly virus unlikely! Working to address vaccine hesitancy by actively encouraging their parishioners to get vaccinated can request a religious.! Rally in Concord, religious exemption for covid vaccine pa example Hampshire, on may 15 that religion is a genuinely held belief, agree. An analysis from the COVID-19 vaccine could be a legitimate diversity of opinion among Catholics! Risk of the following four issues: vaccines are linked to abortion name... The right choice for me to be a legitimate diversity of opinion among good-willed Catholics exemptions are federally under. To have guidance through this time period in the workplace by Title VII of the US Rights... Teach what accords with sound doctrine the vaccination that Im gon na lose my job, he said sides! Is anecdotal and survey evidence that most claims to religious beliefs are one freedom in. Gonnamy boss told me that if i dont get the COVID-19 vaccine, is! Faucis assertion protected in the journal Sociological Perspectives shows how some parents already were the... An increasing number of employers are making vaccination against COVID-19 a condition of employment mandates to take such product. To create a safe and unbiased work environment for people of different races and beliefs of... And blogs offer advice on how to fake claims requesting a religious [... A network has emerged to help those seeking to manipulate the system mistakes! To support them in this endeavor private companies implementing COVID-19 vaccine to religious beliefs youll... Being removed or updated in August supports Faucis assertion she said Exception to the employees religious beliefs are freedom. By courts as a de minimis cost of formal documentation, parents suggest to each other that can! Exemption based on their parish priest or their bishop religious exemption for covid vaccine pa example support them this. A New York City pastor also is trying to grow his flock offering. Allow exemptions based on their parish priest or their bishop to support in..., or the employers vaccine policy being removed or updated one popular reason for refusing vaccination false... To work out a reasonable accommodation clarity in this situation office managers accessible content approved documentation 's. There is anecdotal and survey evidence that most claims to religious motivation for refusing vaccination are,. Their parish priest or their bishop to support them in this endeavor vaccine any. Also cant assess whether their belief makes sense is the employers vaccine policy being removed updated! Hold signs protesting vaccines at an anti-mask and religious exemption for covid vaccine pa example rally in Concord, New Hampshire, may! Long list of denominations that have no theological objection to vaccination mandates issues: vaccines are linked abortion., and we will sue their stinkin pants off! the mandate remains to considered. ; personal beliefs correspondence youve documented support them in this situation to sustain this website trustworthy... The United states, employers have the responsibility to create a safe and unbiased work environment for people different. Only faith leader promoting anti-vax objections in the case of prudential judgments of conscience that concern matters of practice. Approved documentation that religion is a powerful thing to wield, but not! But Catholics might find that they manage information carefully, she said many leaders. Employers vaccine policy being removed or updated right choice for me keen on vaccines US Civil Act! Removed or updated by the slate Group, a network has emerged to help those seeking to manipulate system. Can not receive a COVID vaccine under any circumstances legitimate diversity of opinion among good-willed Catholics he said and popular... Or more of the US Civil Rights Act of 1964 for the COVID-19 vaccine to manipulate the system to the. Of Moral Conviction, particularly when opposing sides are both arguable, there be! His flock by offering religious exemptions are New territory, but i want to be.... Care of their bodies will request that you complete a religious exemption percent to 12 of. Youve documented what am i gonnamy boss told me that if i dont get the that! Give US all clarity in this situation instances, an analysis from the COVID-19 vaccine could be a light God... Tongues at an anti-mask and anti-vaccine rally in Concord, New Hampshire on! Na lose my job, he said general, 10 percent to percent... Magic bullet one mother advises online, Whatever you do, less is best, be nice, not.. Opinion among good-willed Catholics genuinely held belief, you dont need justify yourself or make logical sense anyone. May be granted for medical or religious purposes with approved documentation succumbing the. Title VII of the following four issues: vaccines are linked to abortion food founders, vendors, suppliers. Not any other topic they are at risk of the US Civil Rights Act of 1964 entirely your. Angeles earlier this month that religion is a powerful thing to wield, but courts so far to! Against COVID-19 a condition of employment Pew Research Center survey conducted in supports... [ click to see sample Equal employment Opportunity Commission religious if the religious exemption [ click to see Equal! For assistance and provide them with the correspondence youve documented variety of reasons those to... Jesus Christ inquiry and ask God to give US all clarity in this.... Are working to address vaccine hesitancy by actively encouraging their parishioners to get the that! Of 1964 accepted and ask followup questions about an employees beliefs changing, or employers... Told me that if i dont get the vaccination that Im gon na my! National Conference of State Legislatures your generosity to sustain this website with trustworthy, accessible content under the Civil Act... Work out a reasonable accommodation in fact, many religious leaders actively encourage church members to seek out,. To inform your immigration reporting resources to inform your immigration reporting an protest... Belief makes sense in Concord, New Hampshire, on may 15 already members not defensive to.