[15] Besides these texts, dated coins in the name of emperor Tiberius minted during Pilate's governorship have survived, as well as a fragmentary short inscription that names Pilate, known as the Pilate Stone, the only inscription about a Roman governor of Judaea predating the Roman-Jewish Wars to survive. Clearly, as an index to the character and personality of Pilate, the New Testament is devastating, but it is preoccupied with concerns of the nascent Christian communities, increasingly making their way among the Gentiles and eager to avoid giving offense to Roman authorities. 10. Justin Martyr. [16][17][18] The written sources provide only limited information and each has its own biases, with the gospels in particular providing a theological rather than historical perspective on Pilate. [196], The eleventh century sees Pilate iconography spread from France and Germany to Great Britain and further into the eastern Mediterranean. This is revealed to be because Pilate is wearing Jesus's coat; when the coat is removed, the Emperor condemns him to death, but Pilate commits suicide first. It was a fragmentary, undated inscription on a large piece of marble recorded in Ameria, a village in Umbria, Italy. He was an officer of the Roman empire, serving as procurator, or prefect, of Judea, managing the. Csar, hearing that Pilate had arrived at Rome, was filled with exceeding fury against him, and caused him to be brought to him. The second-century pagan philosopher Celsus polemically asked why, if Jesus was God, God had not punished Pilate, indicating that he did not believe that Pilate shamefully committed suicide. [69] She argues that "[i]t is not only possible but quite likely that Pilate's governorship contained many such brief outbreaks of trouble about which we know nothing. 15:6-15; Lk. [188] 44 depictions of Pilate predate the sixth century and are found on ivory, in mosaics, in manuscripts as well as on sarcophagi. The leader of the Samaritan group had promised that He would show them those sacred vessels which were laid under that place, because Moses put them there.[9] But Pilate sent his troops and defeated them before they arrived at Mt. Overall he actually mostly unimportant. Christians, however, know what true humanity looks like, what it means to be fully human as G [35][36] These proposed dates have not been widely accepted by other scholars. The Jewish historian Flavius Josephus records these words about Pilate, Now, there was about this time Jesus, a wise man, if it be lawful to call him a man. [116] At the turn of the 20th century, it was generally held to be fake, a forgery in support of a local legend that Pontius Pilate died in exile in Ameria. Protected by Sejanus, Pilate incurred the enmity of Jews in Roman-occupied Palestine by insulting their religious sensibilities, as when he hung worship images of the emperor throughout Jerusalem and had coins bearing pagan religious symbols minted. [7], Although Pilate is the best-attested governor of Judaea, few sources regarding his rule have survived. [222] In 1893, Ge painted another painting, Golgotha, in which Pilate is represented only by his commanding hand, sentencing Jesus to death. Antiquities of the Jews 18.4.2. [152] Another early text is an apocryphal letter attributed to "Herod" (a composite character of the various Herods in the Bible), which claims to respond to a letter from Pilate in which Pilate spoke of his remorse for Jesus' crucifixion and of having had a vision of the risen Christ; "Herod" asks Pilate to pray for him. Historians disagree on whether or not such a custom is a fictional element of the gospels, reflects historical reality, or perhaps represents a single amnesty in the year of Jesus's crucifixion. Pilate was also afraid of Jesus. [244] In this play, when Judas comes back to Pilate and the priests to tell them he no longer wishes to betray Jesus, Pilate browbeats Judas into going through with the plan. [230] In the Italian passion plays, Pilate never identifies himself as a Jew, condemning them in the fifteenth-century Resurrezione and stressing the Jews' fear of the "new law" of Christ. We do not know where Pontius Pilate was born. Although in Latin, the name Pilate means, "skilled with the javelin." If the tradition is true, she dreamed of the countless recitations and liturgical chants of . A Tale of Two Cities by Dickens doesn't come anywhere near. [210] Images of Pilate were especially popular in Italy, where, however, he was almost always portrayed as a Roman,[211] and often appears in the new medium of large-scale church paintings. [92], According to Josephus' Antiquities of the Jews (18.4.12), Pilate's removal as governor occurred after Pilate slaughtered a group of armed Samaritans at a village called Tirathana near Mount Gerizim, where they hoped to find artifacts that had been buried there by Moses. He also finds historical the information that their relationship mended following the execution of Jesus. The Apostles Creed states that Jesus "suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, died, and was buried. A second inscription, which has since been lost,[114] has historically been associated with Pontius Pilate. "), John 19:14 (Ecce rex vester, "Behold your king! The Jewish historian Josephus, the philosopher Philo of Alexandria and the Gospel of Luke all mention incidents of tension and violence between the Jewish population and Pilate's administration. [166][167], Beginning in the eleventh century, more extensive legendary biographies of Pilate were written in Western Europe, adding details to information provided by the bible and apocrypha. by the Russian painter Nikolai Ge, which was completed in 1890; the painting was banned from exhibition in Russia in part because the figure of Pilate was identified as representing the tsarist authorities. [49] Similarly, Helen Bond argues that Pilate is depicted working closely with the Jewish authorities in the execution of Jesus. "[85] Some scholars believe that the Gospel accounts are completely untrustworthy: S. G. F. Brandon argued that in reality, rather than vacillating on condemning Jesus, Pilate unhesitatingly executed him as a rebel. [100] Daniel Schwartz, however, argues that Eusebius's claims "should not lightly be dismissed. [202] While many images still draw from the Acts of Pilate, the Golden Legend of Jacobus de Voragine is the primary source for depictions of Pilate from the second half of the thirteenth century onward. Still others believe Pontius Pilate's fate involved his conversion to Christianity and subsequent canonization. Why would he cave to demands to crucify a man he had proclaimed innocent? [140][141], Beginning in the fourth century, a large body of Christian apocryphal texts developed concerning Pilate, making up one of the largest groups of surviving New Testament Apocrypha. Pilate's family become Christians after Jesus miraculously cures Pilate's daughters of their deaf-muteness. Read on and learn more about this key figure in the crucifixion . When Herod I died in 4 BCE, Augustus upheld his will and divided the kingdom between three of Herod's surviving sons. [48] Moreover, Maier argues that Pilate could not have used the temple treasury to construct an aqueduct, as recorded by Josephus, without the cooperation of the priests. [261] The German Catholic novelist Gertrud von Le Fort's Die Frau des Pilatus portrays Pilate's wife as converting to Christianity after attempting to save Jesus and assuming Pilate's guilt for herself; Pilate executes her as well. The disciples truly believed that Jesus was the Messiah and they loved Him, but their fear of arrest kept them bound in tearful silence. [262], Pilate has been depicted in a number of films, being included in portrayals of Christ's passion already in some of the earliest films produced. [79] It is generally assumed, based on the unanimous testimony of the gospels, that the crime for which Jesus was brought to Pilate and executed was sedition, founded on his claim to be king of the Jews. "[107] Originally, the inscription would have included an abbreviated letter for Pilate's praenomen (e.g., T. for Titus or M. for Marcus). According to Eusebius (Church History 9.2.5), these texts were distributed during the persecution of Christians conducted by the emperor Maximinus II (reigned 308313). First Apology 35. [218] The Scala sancta, supposedly the staircase from Pilate's praetorium, now located in Rome, is flanked by a life-sized sculpture of Christ and Pilate in the Ecce homo scene made in the nineteenth century by the Italian sculptor Ignazio Jacometti. Pontius Pilate Character Analysis. Yet the Bible isn't the only ancient source of information about Pilate. He and his wife are venerated in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church; their feast day is June 25. [287], The main ancient sources on Pilate offer very different views on his governorship and personality. In 2010, the Christian Broadcasting Network made the 52 . So Pontius may have come from Pontus, an ancient land in Northeast Asia Minor (present-day Turkey). [266] Following the Second World War, Pilate and the Romans often take on a villainous role in American film. He is best known for being the official who presided over the trial of Jesus and ultimately ordered his crucifixion. [181], Pilate was also the subject of legends in Eastern Christianity. Pontius Pilate's wife is the unnamed spouse of Pontius Pilate, who appears only once in the Gospel of Matthew, where she intercedes with Pilate on Jesus' behalf.It is uncertain whether Pilate was actually married, although it is likely. [110] Bond argues that we cannot be sure what kind of building this referred to. 3. Pontius Pilate served as the prefect of Judaea from 26 to 36 A.D. These soldiers came up to Jerusalem at the time of the feasts, when the city was full of strangers, and there was . "[52] More information on the potential fate of Pontius Pilate can be gleaned from other sources. [8] Coins that he minted have survived from Pilate's governorship, as well as a single inscription, the so-called Pilate stone. [61], According to Philo's Embassy to Gaius (Embassy to Gaius 38), Pilate offended against Jewish law by bringing golden shields into Jerusalem, and placing them on Herod's Palace. [192] From the eleventh century onward, Pilate is frequently represented as a Jewish king, wearing a beard and a Jewish hat. Pilate and his wife arrived at Caesarea in 26. [120] Earlier coins read on the obverse and on the reverse, referring to the emperor Tiberius and his mother Livia (Julia Augusta). [294] Helen Bond argues that "[g]iven the history of pagan designs throughout Judaean coinage, particularly from Herod and Gratus, Pilate's coins do not seem to be deliberately offensive,"[295] and that the coins offer little evidence of any connection between Pilate and Sejanus. While there he was charged with murdering someone and was sent to Pontus, which is on the southeastern border of the Black Sea. He drew over to him both many of the Jews and many of the Gentiles. Medieval art frequently portrayed scenes of Pilate and Jesus, often in the scene where he washes his hands of guilt for Jesus's death. Supposedly, his name was changed in Pontus to Pontius Pilate and he was eventually appointed the sixth governor or procurator of Judea by Sejanus, a favorite of the Roman emperor Tiberius. He convicted Jesus of treason and declared that Jesus thought himself King of the Jews, and had Jesus crucified. But Pilate brought down with him the seamless tunic of Jesus; and he wore it on him in presence of the emperor. But in 31 AD, Sejanus ended up on the wrong side of a political feud and was sentenced to . He provoked both Jews and Samaritans to riot. Providing an account of the trial of Jesus presents challenges unlike that for any of the other trials on the Famous Trials Website. [151] Two of these include purported reports made by Pilate to the emperor (the Anaphora Pilati to Emperor Tiberius and the Letter of Pilate to Claudius to Claudius) on the crucifixion, in which Pilate recounts Jesus' death and resurrection, blaming the Jews. [265], The film The Last Days of Pompeii (1935) portrays Pilate as "a representative of the gross materialism of the Roman empire", with the actor Basil Rathbone giving him long fingers and a long nose. Pilate died 39 A.D. [125] In the mid-20th century, A. Mazar tentatively identified it as the Arrub aqueduct that brought water from Solomon's Pools to Jerusalem, an identification supported in 2000 by Kenneth Lnnqvist. [25], Pilate was likely educated, somewhat wealthy, and well-connected politically and socially. James Tissot. Tradition adds that Pilate died in Vienne, France on the Rhone or on Mount Pilatus, Switzerland. [179] The cities of Huesca and Seville are other cities in Spain associated with Pilate. [28] According to the cursus honorum established by Augustus for office holders of equestrian rank, Pilate would have had a military command before becoming prefect of Judaea; Alexander Demandt speculates that this could have been with a legion stationed at the Rhine or Danube. The body is first thrown in the Tiber, but because it causes storms it is then moved to Vienne, and then thrown in a lake in the high Alps. Pilate weakly capitulates. Pilate owed his appointment to the influence of Sejanus. "[254] The work features a novel within the novel about Pontius Pilate and his encounter with Jesus (Yeshu Ha-Notsri) by an author only called the Master. Josephuss references appear to be consistent. There are these words: At His coming the lame shall leap as an hart, and the tongue of the stammerer shall be clear speaking: the blind shall see, and the lepers shall be cleansed; and the dead shall rise, and walk about. And that He did those things, you can learn from the Acts of Pontius Pilate. "[277] The Nicene Creed states "For our sake [Jesus] was crucified under Pontius Pilate; he suffered death and was buried. He did not prevent their petition. Dusenbury examines the fact of Jesus's trial and Pilate's judgment of him, as well as its interpretation by different thinkers. Did the people who crucified Christ go to hell or the Lake of Fire? Pontius Pilate'. Pilate is taken as a prisoner with her to Rome to be judged, but every time the emperor sees Pilate to condemn him, his anger dissipates. Tiberius received the petition and angrily reprimanded Pilate, ordering him to remove the shields. What did Pontius Pilate do to Jesus? 28:1-6). The fourth-century church historian Eusebius says that though Tiberius remained a pagan, he was sufficiently impressed by Pilate's testimony that he urged the Roman Senate to add Jesus to the official pantheon. [175], Several places in Western Europe have traditions associated with Pilate. The Samaritans were leading an expedition to Mount Gerizim to look for artifacts. [213] Many, mostly German, engravings and woodcuts of Pilate were created in the fifteenth century. [293] According to this theory, following Sejanus's execution in 31 CE and Tiberius's purges of his supporters, Pilate, fearful of being removed himself, became far more cautious, explaining his apparently weak and vacillating attitude at the trial of Jesus. 23:13-25; Jn. There are no known images of Pilate, but researchers have discovered a few artifacts associated with him. What sort of a ruler was he generally? Almost immediately, troubles started: soldiers had brought statues of the emperor into Jerusalem, and almost the entire population of Jerusalem marched to Caesarea, imploring the new governor to remove the effigies. Pontius Pilate, Latin in full Marcus Pontius Pilatus, (died after 36 ce), Roman prefect (governor) of Judaea (2636 ce) under the emperor Tiberius who presided at the trial of Jesus and gave the order for his crucifixion. [8], Pontius Pilate should have listened to his wife. [11] The most important sources are the Embassy to Gaius (after the year 41) by contemporary Jewish writer Philo of Alexandria,[12] the Jewish Wars (c.74) and Antiquities of the Jews (c.94) by the Jewish historian Josephus, as well as the four canonical Christian Gospels, Mark (composed between 6670), Luke (composed between 8590), Matthew (composed between 8590), and John (composed between 90110);[11] he is also mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles (composed between 8590) and by the First Epistle to Timothy (written in the second half of the 1st century). Alexander Demandt suggests that the leader of this movement may have been Dositheos, a messiah-like figure among the Samaritans who was known to have been active around this time. He is best known for being the official who presided over the trial of Jesus and ultimately ordered his crucifixion. But the Jewish leaders did care. [14] He is also briefly mentioned in Annals of the Roman historian Tacitus (early 2nd century AD), who simply says that he put Jesus to death. One tradition says that he was a member of the Pontii tribe and of Samnite nobility. Why did Pilate give in to the pressure . Another tradition states that Pontius Pilate was born in Germany and was a bastard son of Tyrus, king of Mayence. [210] The actor who portrayed Pilate in the English plays would typically speak loudly and authoritatively, a fact which was parodied in Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. [168] This connection to Mount Pilatus is attested from 1273 CE onwards, while Lake Lucerne has been called "Pilatus-See" (Pilate Lake) beginning in the fourteenth century. [7], And the expression, They pierced my hands and my feet, was used in reference to the nails of the cross which were fixed in His hands and feet. [98] Joan Taylor, on the other hand, argues that Pilate seems to have ended his career in disgrace, using his unflattering portrayal in Philo, written only a few years after his dismissal, as proof. He eventually becomes a Christian himself. [139] Tibor Grll believes that this could be a reference to Pilate's actual records,[138] but other scholars argue that Justin has simply invented the records as a source on the assumption that they existed without ever having verified their existence. Pilate was apparently not threatened by Jesus since he had not taken action earlier. Pilate is typically represented in fourteen different scenes from his life;[200] however, more than half of all thirteenth-century representations of Pilate show the trial of Jesus. They wanted Jesus dead. They wanted Jesus dead. But fear of forfeiting his political power kept Pilate from issuing a just verdict. Pilate, PONTIUS.After the deposition of the eldest son of Herod, Archelaus (who had succeeded his father as ethnarch), Judea was placed under the rule of a Roman procurator. Despite their different cultures and positions, love blossoms despite themselves. Come, see the place where He was lying. Matthew 28:1-6(NASB). Philo is hostile, Josephus mostly neutral, and the Gospels "comparatively friendly. An early church tradition that had taken a favourable opinion of Pilate persisted in some churches into the early 21st century. [220] The "most famous of nineteenth-century pictures"[221] of Pilate is What is truth? Are you all stoics or something? Pontius Pilate knew that Jesus didn't deserve to die; he even declared Jesus's innocence during the trial. He provoked both Jews and Samaritans to rioting during his tenure, and he later had to stand trial in Rome for cruelty and oppression. [160] The Evangelium Gamalielis, possibly of medieval origin and preserved in Arabic, Coptic, and Ge'ez,[161] says Jesus was crucified by Herod, whereas Pilate was a true believer in Christ who was martyred for his faith; similarly, the Martyrium Pilati, possibly medieval and preserved in Arabic, Coptic, and Ge'ez,[161] portrays Pilate, as well as his wife and two children, as being crucified twice, once by the Jews and once by Tiberius, for his faith. Pilate is presented as a materialist pessimist who believes mankind will soon destroy itself, whereas Jesus offers a message of hope. He and his wife are portrayed as Christian converts and sometimes martyrs. Nothing is known about his life before he became governor of Judaea, and nothing is known about the circumstances that led to his appointment to the governorship. For other uses, see, High and late medieval and renaissance art, Later Christian tradition gives Pilate's wife the names Procula (, Pilate's title as governor, as attested on the Pilate stone, is ", Karen Cokayne, Experiencing Old Age in Ancient Rome, p.100, Roman Procurator coinage Pontius Pilate, List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources, https://library.brown.edu/iip/viewinscr/caes0043/, "Notorious Pontius Pilate Is the One Who Built Jerusalem Aqueduct, Study Finds", "Pontius Pilate's Scottish roots 'a joke', "Mystery of the '5,000-year-old' yew of Fortingall", "An Inscribed Copper-Alloy Finger Ring from Herodium Depicting a Krater", "Saint Pilate and the Conversion of Tiberius", "The Invention of Christian Tradition: "Apocrypha," Imperial Policy, and Anti-Jewish Propaganda", "Phrases and Expressions that originated in the Bible", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pontius_Pilate&oldid=1142261817, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Russian-language text, Articles containing Italian-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 12:07. Pontius Pilate, governor of Judea, King Herod Antipas, tetrarch of Galilee, and Perea, one of Herod the Great's sons. Pontius Pilate (Pontius Pilatus) lived in the 1st century CE.His name literally means "Pilate of Pontus". The nineteenth century saw a renewed interest in depicting Pilate, with numerous images made. "[268] Bowie's Pilate speaks with a British accent, contrasting with the American accent of Jesus (Willem Dafoe). They all had particular interests in Christ's position before the people at that time. There he lives happily as a farmer and is looked after by his daughter, but suffers from gout and obesity and broods over his time as governor of Judaea. Perhaps the earliest apocryphal texts attributed to Pilate are denunciations of Christianity and of Jesus that claim to be Pilate's report on the crucifixion. By other accounts, Pontius Pilate was sent into exile and committed suicide of his own accord. Among those are bronze coins that were minted in Judea between A.D. 29 and 32. . [155] This book enjoys "a quasi-canonical status" among Ethiopian Christians to this day and continues to be read beside the canonical gospels during Holy Week. He was a man with whom it was no secret that the Emperor didn't trust. My name is pronounced "Pilate." It sounds the same as the name of the person who steers the boat or the ship - the pilot. Had it not been for his encounter with Jesus, Pontius Pilate might be just another name in the history books . The fate of Pontius Pilate after the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ is disputed among historians. Please select which sections you would like to print: Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. [163][164] In the Mors Pilati (perhaps originally 6th century, but recorded c.1300 CE),[165] Pilate was forced to commit suicide and his body thrown in the Tiber. [197] In many depictions he is no longer depicted washing his hands, or is depicted washing his hands but not in the presence of Jesus, or else he is depicted in passion scenes in which the Bible does not mention him. The oldest is written by Philo in the . Finally, the corpse is taken to Lausanne in modern Switzerland and buried in an isolated lake (perhaps Lake Lucerne), where demonic visitations continue to occur. [271] Speaking of Dennen's portrayal in the trial scene, McDonough describes him as a "cornered animal. "[114], As governor, Pilate was responsible for minting coins in the province: he appears to have struck them in 29/30, 30/31, and 31/32, thus the fourth, fifth, and sixth years of his governorship. The (partially reconstructed) inscription is as follows:[106], Vardaman "freely" translates it as follows: "Tiberium [?of the Caesareans?] Lets discover what happened to Pontius Pilate after the death of Christ? Flavius Josephus. Both Daniel Schwartz and Alexander Demandt do not think this especially likely. [243] In the fifteenth-century English York passion play, Pilate judges Jesus together with Annas and Caiaphas, becoming a central character of the passion narrative who converses with and instructs other characters. After Jesus died on the cross, the gospels record that Pilate allowed several members of the Sanhedrin, Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus, to bury Jesus (Mark 15:43; John 3:1; 19:38-40). By other accounts, Pontius Pilate was sent into exile and committed suicide of his own accord. [43] He seems to have been free to govern the province as he wished, with intervention by the legate of Syria only coming at the end of his tenure, after the appointment of Lucius Vitellius to the post in 35. Pontius pilate definition, Roman procurator of Judea a.d. "[276], Pontius Pilate is mentioned as having been involved in the crucifixion in both the Nicene Creed and the Apostles Creed. [254], Pilate features prominently in Russian author Mikhail Bulgakov's novel The Master and Margarita, which was written in the 1930s but only published in 1966, twenty six years after the author's death. [157] A fifth-century Syriac version of the Acts of Pilate explains Pilate's conversion as occurring after he has blamed the Jews for Jesus' death in front of Tiberius; prior to his execution, Pilate prays to God and converts, thereby becoming a Christian martyr. What happened to him after his biblical appearance? Pilate made several bad decisions while in Judea and Sejanus had supported him and kept him our of trouble with Rome. [127] However, more recent research, published in 2021, dates the construction of another one of the aqueducts providing water to the Solomon's Pools, namely the Biar Aqueduct (also known as Wadi el-Biyar Aqueduct), to the mid-first century AD, probably during the time of Pilate. [257] Because he betrayed his desire to follow his morality and free Jesus, Pilate must suffer for eternity. 6. Omissions? Pontius Pilate was sent into exile and committed suicide of his own accord. There are many different conceptions of what it means to be human. [281], He is venerated as a saint by the Ethiopian Church with a feast day on 19 June,[159][282] and was historically venerated by the Coptic Church, with a feast day of 25 June. The task is daunting because almost our entire . 1. [260] Swiss playwright Max Frisch's comedy Die chinesische Mauer portrays Pilate as a skeptical intellectual who refuses to take responsibility for the suffering he has caused. [219] In 1896, Munkcsy painted a second painting featuring Christ and Pilate, Ecce homo, which however was never exhibited in the United States; both paintings portray Jesus's fate as in the hands of the crowd rather than Pilate. Her grand-father was the notorious King Herod, who executed most of his family and was said to have murdered the Innocents when Jesus was born. [203] Pilate now frequently appears in illuminations for books of hours,[204] as well as in the richly illuminated Bibles moralises, which include many biographical scenes adopted from the legendary material, although Pilate's washing of hands remains the most frequently depicted scene. [50] Jean-Pierre Lmonon argues that official cooperation with Pilate was limited to the Sadducees, noting that the Pharisees are absent from the gospel accounts of Jesus's arrest and trial. [148] One version claims to have been discovered and translated by a Jewish convert named Ananias, portraying itself as the official Jewish records of the crucifixion. In Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, Pilate became the focus of a large group of New Testament apocrypha expanding on his role in the Gospels, the Pilate cycle. And that these things did happen, you can ascertain from the Acts of Pontius Pilate. The inscription reads () (Pilato(u)), meaning "of Pilate". [182] In a legend from medieval Rus', Pilate attempts to save Saint Stephen from being executed; Pilate, his wife and children have themselves baptized and bury Stephen in a gilded silver coffin. To remove the shields trials on the southeastern border of the feasts, when the city was of. 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